JAPAN.INF Version 1.2 ELECTRONIC HANDLING OF JAPANESE TEXT March 20, 1992 Ken R. Lunde (小林 剣) Adobe Systems Incorporated 1585 Charleston Road P.O. Box 7900 Mountain View, CA 94039-7900 USA (415)361-1702 (home) (415)962-3866 (office) (415)960-0886 (fax) lunde@adobe.com This document is a description of how Japanese text (i.e., kana and kanji) is handled electronically, how to send/receive Japanese text using electronic mail, and how to set up your computer so that it can process Japanese text. I am absolutely delighted to share this information with others, and I would appreciate any comments/feedback on its content. Since some of the information contained within this document changes on a monthly, even weekly basis, I keep the current copy in electronic form. The current version of this document will be made available from at least two sources: at the FTP sites ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) and msi.umn.edu (128.101.24.1). It may also be obtained by contacting me directly using the above electronic mail address. [NOTE: This document contains Japanese characters in New-JIS code. If you are unable to view this document in Japanese even though you are running under a Japanese environment, there are three possible reasons and remedies: 1) The "escape" characters were stripped from this document -- use my program called "repair-jis.c" to fix it (at FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/ JIS/C directory); 2) Your software does not interpret New-JIS, so find out what Japanese code(s) it interprets, then use my jis.c program (at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS/C directory) to convert this document to an appropriate Japanese code for viewing with your software; or 3) a combination of 1 and 2 above. I have also made Macintosh ports of these programs, and they are available at the FTP site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) as REPAIR-JIS v1.0 and JIS v2.2.] TABLE OF CONTENTS: WHAT'S NEW DISCLAIMER INTRODUCTION PART 0: THE JAPANESE CHARACTER SET 0.1: ELECTRONIC CHARACTER SETS 0.1.1: JIS X 0208-1990 0.1.2: JIS X 0212-1990 0.1.3: UNICODE/ISO DIS 10646 0.2: NON-ELECTRONIC CHARACTER SETS 0.3: JOUYOU KANJI TABLE PART 1: 7-BIT JAPANESE CODES (JIS) 1.1: JIS7 1.2: JIS8 PART 2: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES (SHIFT-JIS & EUC) 2.1: SHIFT-JIS: 2.2: EUC (EXTENDED UNIX CODE): PART 3: SENDING JAPANESE 3.1: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX 3.2: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER VMS 3.3: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER COMPUSERVE 3.4: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER APPLELINK PART 4: RECEIVING JAPANESE 4.1: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER VMS 4.2: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX/COMPUSERVE PART 5: JAPANESE CODE CONVERSION 5.1: PORTABLE PROGRAMS 5.2: PROGRAMS FOR THE MACINTOSH 5.3: REPAIRING DAMAGED JIS-ENCODED JAPANESE FILES 5.4: ALGORITHMS PART 6: JAPANESE E-MAIL NETWORKS AND ADDRESSING TEMPLATES 6.1: JUNET 6.2: BITNET 6.3: NIFTYSERVE 6.4: TWICS PART 7: JUNET NEWS PART 8: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 8.1: GENERAL MAINFRAMES 8.2: NeXT 8.3: UNIX 8.4: MS-DOS 8.5: MACINTOSH 8.6: AMIGA 8.7: DEDICATED JAPANESE WORD PROCESSORS 8.8: POSTSCRIPT HANDLING OF JAPANESE PART 9: ON-LINE JAPANESE DICTIONARIES 9.1: MACINTOSH-BASED DICTIONARIES 9.2: MS-DOS-BASED DICTIONARIES A FINAL NOTE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX 1: BITNET NODES IN JAPAN APPENDIX 2: JUNET DOMAINS APPENDIX 3: JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS APPENDIX 4: FREEWARE/SHAREWARE SOURCES APPENDIX 5: COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE SOURCES WHAT'S NEW This version of JAPAN.INF offers many changes. I essentially did a complete overhaul of the document (that is why it took so long to be released). Here is a summary of changes/additions: - I renamed the document as "ELECTRONIC HANDLING OF JAPANESE TEXT," which seems to be a more appropriate title. - I broke down most of the document sections into subsections, and also listed these subsections in the TABLE OF CONTENTS. - I expanded PART 0 to give a more detailed overview of the various Japanese character sets, to include non-electronic ones. - I beefed up PART 5 to include more information on Japanese electronic code conversion, to include actual algorithms. - The information that was previously in PART 7 was put into PART 6.1 (PART 7 was subsequently deleted). Also, I made some changes to the addressing templates used for sending email to JUNET sites. This change was due to the shut-down of relay.cs.net. - Added a section on NIFTYSERVE (6.3) and TWICS (6.4) - Added a section for AMIGA (8.6) - Added a section on PostScript handling of Japanese (8.8) - I added a section (PART 9) in which I describe several on-line Japanese dictionaries. - I added to the BIBLIOGRAPHY the locations and phone numbers for three Kinokuniya Bookstore locations in the US through which the Japanese books may be ordered. I also added a few more references to that section. - I added an appendix (APPENDIX 4) in which are listed the sources for all the FreeWare and Sharware described in JAPAN.INF. I also added one for commercial software (APPENDIX 5). - Other minor changes were made throughout the document, such as correcting typos, changing the wording of some sentences, adding more information under existing sections, etc. DISCLAIMER Although I list my address here at Adobe Systems Incorporated for contact purposes, Adobe Systems Incorporated does not endorse this document which I have created, and have continued (and will continue) to update on a regular basis. This document is a personal endeavor to inform people of how Japanese can be handled on a variety of platforms. INTRODUCTION Electronic mail has become a very efficient means of communicating both locally and world-wide. While it is very simple to send text which uses only the 94 printable ASCII characters, character sets which contains more than these ASCII characters pose special problems. In this document, I will describe how Japanese characters are processed electronically on various platforms, and how these characters can be transmitted using electronic mail. This report contains actual Japanese text throughout, so don't be alarmed if strange sequences of ASCII characters appear. All Japanese contained in this document is in New-JIS code. PART 0: THE JAPANESE CHARACTER SET The following sections describe the various documents which cover the standard Japanese characters. All of these documents are available, and information for ordering can be found in the Bibliography. 0.1: ELECTRONIC CHARACTER SETS The following characters sets are encoded electronically, and are able to be implemented on computers. Note that some have yet to be implemented, though. 0.1.1: JIS X 0208-1990 The Japanese character set as described in the document JIS X 0208-1990 specifies 6,879 standard characters; 6,355 kanji in 2 levels (Level 1: 2,965 kanji arranged by pronunciation; Level 2: 3,390 kanji arranged by radical), 86 katakana, 83 hiragana, 10 numerals, 52 Roman characters, 147 symbols, 66 Russian characters, 48 Greek characters, and 32 line elements (for making charts). This standard was first established in 1978, modified for the first time in 1983 (character position swapping, glyph changes, and four kanji appended to JIS Level 2), and modified again in 1990 (two kanji were appended to JIS Level 2). This character set is widely implemented on a variety of platforms. Encoding methods for JIS X 0208-1990 include Shift-JIS, EUC, and JIS. For those of you who wish to generate a file containing all the code positions for the Japanese character set, please feel free to use my program called print-jis.c (written in ANSI C). This program outputs the entire 94 by 94 matrix used to encode the characters specified in JIS X 0208-1990. Output options include kanji code (choice of Shift-JIS, EUC, or JIS) and whether to wrap lines. I distribute this program in the form of source code, and the instructions are in its header. You will need to have the appropriate display software to view the characters generated by this program as only the electronic codes are generated (see PART 8 for sources of such programs). This program is available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1). I also have a Macintosh port of this program, called PRINT-JIS v1.1, at the FTP site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1). 0.1.2: JIS X 0212-1990 Late in 1990 a supplemental Japanese character standard called JIS X 0212-1990 was published by Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) which specified an additional 5,801 kanji, 21 symbols/diacritical marks, and 245 Latin-based characters with diacritical marks. This means that there are now 12,156 standard kanji in Japanese. However, no machine has yet implemented these new characters. However, there have been discussions as to how one may go about extending the current encodings to handle these new characters. Incorporating these characters into JIS encoding seems to be fine as one would simply need to define a new kanji-in escape sequence (to be explained later) for this supplementary set of kanji. The current plan does not call for extending the Shift-JIS encoding (no space left in its code space), but to use EUC instead. There were three plans to extend EUC to include these additional kanji, and the one which was the most popular was to simply put these characters into code set 3 (see the EUC description in PART 2.2) 0.1.3: UNICODE/ISO DIS 10646 Many of you may have heard about the two competing multi-lingual encoding standards called Unicode and ISO DIS 10646. Although Volume 1 of The Unicode Standard has been published, it is Volume 2 which will deal with 20,000+ Chinese characters in Unicode. Also, Unicode and ISO DIS 10646 are going to be merged into one standard (one plane within ISO DIS 10646 will be reserved for Unicode). In light of these facts, I will refrain from any description at this time, and will wait for the publishing of The Unicode Standard, Volume 2. 0.2: NON-ELECTRONIC CHARACTER SETS There are other character sets, all of which played an important role in establishing JIS X 0208-1990 above. They include the 1850 Toyo Kanji (now the 1945 Joyo Kanji), the 881 Kyoiku Kanji (now the 1006 Gakushu Kanji), and the 284 Jinmei-yo Kanji. Here is their lineage illustrated in a table (note when some of them became obsolete by being renamed): Year Number Year Number Year Number Year Number Toyo Kanji 1946 1850 1981 1945 (Joyo Kanji) Kyoiku Kanji 1946 881 1977 996 (Gakushu Kanji) 1992 1006 Jinmei-yo Kanji 1946 85 1976 112 1981 166 1990 284 It is important to note that Toyo Kanji is obsolete, and has been replaced by Joyo Kanji, and that Kyoiku Kanji is obsolete, and has been replaced by Gakushu Kanji. In addition, Gakushu Kanji is a subset of Joyo Kanji (the same relationship held true for Kyoiku Kanji and Toyo Kanji). Here is how these character sets relate to JIS X 0208-1990 (and earlier versions): All of Joyo Kanji (and Kyoiku Kanji) are included in JIS Level 1 (2965 kanji total) of JIS C 6226-1978. When Joyo Kanji was introduced in 1981, the additional 95 kanji and subsequent glyph changes forced the creation of JIS X 0208-1983 (actually, this was first called JIS C 6226-1983, then changed to the new designation in 1987) -- those extra 95 characters had to be made part of JIS Level 1 (some were in JIS level 2 already, so some code positions were swapped). Jinmei-yo Kanji, on the other hand, had to only appear in JIS Levels 1 or 2, so that is why 4 kanji were appended in 1983, and 2 more in 1990. 0.3: JOUYOU KANJI TABLE The 1945 kanji in the Joyo Kanji Table (常用漢字表) are those officially sanctioned for use in education. These kanji are a subset of JIS X 0208-1990 (actually, a subset of JIS Level 1). Having such a character set in machine- readable form can be very useful. I am including the table here for such purposes. This list was created by Professor Richard F. Walters (rfwalters@ucdavis.edu), and checked/verified by me. If you decide to further distribute this list, please do so with the three lines of header information intact. Each line of the list contains 35 kanji. I will place a copy of this file at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS directory under the filename "jouyou-kanji.txt." It will be archived there in New-JIS code. The file is as follows: --- BEGIN --- MACHINE-READABLE JOUYOU KANJI TABLE Created by Professor Richard F. Walters (rfwalters@ucdavis.edu) Checked/Verified by Ken R. 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We can use these codes in the US and other countries for electronic mail transmission of Japanese text, and are the most commonly used in Japan. The names in the parentheses below are other names for the same code (i.e., New-JIS is also called JIS). The most common of these codes is New-JIS. EXAMPLES: New-JIS (JIS) Old-JIS NEC-JIS (NEC Kanji and NEC Code) Note that for each of the above codes there are two subtypes in existence: JIS7 and JIS8. JIS7 contains only 7-bit characters, whereas JIS8 may contain 8-bit characters (used only for encoding half-width katakana). This will be explained in more detail later. The KI escape sequence tells Japanese terminals to treat what follows as two-bytes per character. KO, on the other hand, tells Japanese terminals to treat what follows as one-byte per character (back to JIS-Roman or ASCII). This shifting mechanism using escape sequences is central to the processing of 7-bit Japanese codes. A two-byte per character encoding system using 7-bit bytes (ASCII) can encode up to 16,384 characters (128 by 128); however, the Japanese use only the 94 printable ASCII codes in their matrix, so a maximum of 8,836 characters (94 by 94) can be encoded. The following is a table listing the KI and KO escape sequences for each of the three codes listed above (note the two varieties of kanji-out). KI KO (JIS-Roman) KO (ASCII) ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ New-JIS (1983) $ B ( J ( B Old-JIS (1978) $ @ ( J ( B NEC-JIS (1978) K H n/a The difference between KO (JIS-Roman) and KO (ASCII) is very minor (in the 7-bit portion), and lies in only two characters. Their 8-bit extension do, however, differ greatly. The 8-bit extension of the JIS-Roman character set contains half-width katakana characters. Also, most terminal software can emulate only one of the KO character sets no matter which one it receives. For example, NinjaTerm (to be described in PART 8.5) will emulate KO (ASCII) even if KO (JIS-Roman) is received. The differences between New-JIS (1983) and Old-JIS (1978) can be described by three types: Type 1: The shape in the original code position simplified, and the unsimplified shape was given a new code position at the end of JIS Level 2 (four characters added). Original Code Added Code | Original Code Added Code 2238 (3646) 尭 8401 (7421) 堯 | 4558 (4D5A) 遥 8403 (7423) 遙 4374 (4B6A) 槙 8402 (7422) 槇 | 6486 (6076) 瑶 8404 (7424) 瑤 Type 2: Simplified/unsimplified character pairs exchanged code positions between JIS Level 1 and JIS Level 2 (22 pairs total). In the case of New-JIS, the simplified form is in the JIS Level 1 column, and the unsimplified form is in the JIS Level 2 column. In the case of Old- JIS, it is simply the reverse. JIS Level 1 JIS Level 2 | JIS Level 1 JIS Level 2 1619 (3033) 鯵 8245 (724D) 鰺 | 3308 (4128) 賎 7645 (6C4D) 賤 1809 (3229) 鴬 8284 (7274) 鶯 | 3659 (445B) 壷 5268 (5464) 壺 1934 (3342) 蛎 7358 (695A) 蠣 | 3755 (4557) 砺 6674 (626A) 礪 1941 (3349) 撹 5788 (5978) 攪 | 3778 (456E) 梼 5977 (5B6D) 檮 1986 (3376) 竃 6762 (635E) 竈 | 3783 (4573) 涛 6225 (5E39) 濤 2035 (3443) 潅 6285 (5E75) 灌 | 3886 (4676) 迩 7778 (6D6E) 邇 2050 (3452) 諌 7561 (6B5D) 諫 | 3972 (4768) 蝿 7404 (6A24) 蠅 2359 (375B) 頚 8084 (7074) 頸 | 4116 (4930) 桧 5956 (5B58) 檜 2560 (395C) 砿 6672 (6268) 礦 | 4389 (4B79) 侭 4854 (5056) 儘 2841 (3C49) 蕊 7302 (6922) 蘂 | 4489 (4C79) 薮 7314 (692E) 藪 3157 (3F59) 靭 8055 (7057) 靱 | 4722 (4F36) 篭 6838 (6446) 籠 Type 3: The shapes of several characters were changed (246 characters total). I do not list the characters here as there was no exchanging of code positions. The reason for these changes is due to the introduction of Joyo Kanji (常用漢 字) in 1981. Previous to this, the standard in education were the 1850 Toyo Kanji (当用漢字); Joyo Kanji added an additional 95 kanji to Toyo Kanji bringing the total to 1945. The JIS standard contains two levels of kanji, and JIS wanted to be sure that all Joyo Kanji were included within JIS Level 1. So, in 1983, a new JIS standard was released. In 1990, the JIS standard was again modified due to the addition of 118 kanji to the Jinmei-yo Kanji (人名用 漢字) list -- two of these 118 kanji were not found in the JIS standard, so they were appended to the end of JIS Level 2. The character set used for NEC-JIS is closest to that of Old-JIS (same number of kanji, but a few glyph differences). There are two types of New-JIS; one based on the 1983 standard, and one based on the 1990 standard. The only difference between them is that the 1990 standard includes two additional kanji appended to JIS Level 2. For all practical purposes they can be treated as the same. Japanese text is represented as follows. A romanized version is given so that those who cannot view Japanese text can benefit, too. Japanese Text: これは日本語の文章です。 (Romanized): KO RE HA NI HON GO NO BUN SHOU DE SU . Raw JIS (no escape codes) $3$l$OF|K¥8l$NJ8>O$G$9!# New-JIS: [ $ B] $3$l$OF|K¥8l$NJ8>O$G$9!# [ ( J] Old-JIS: [ $ @] $3$l$OF|K¥8l$NJ8>O$G$9!# [ ( J] NEC-JIS: [ K] $3$l$OF|K¥8l$NJ8>O$G$9!# [ H] Note the correspondence between the ASCII characters and Japanese characters, namely that two ASCII characters represent one Japanese character; hence, Japanese characters consist of two bytes. For example, the hiragana symbol for "RE" (れ) is represented by the two ASCII characters "$" and "l." The following paragraph is a sample Japanese text in the New-JIS Japanese code. If you are using a Japanese terminal, then you can view this Japanese text on-line using the procedures found in later sections of this report. New-JIS: (kanji-in: [ $ B]; kanji-out: [ ( J])  日本語の一文字を七ビットの二バイトのコードで表現する方法には新JIS、 旧JIS、日電漢字等があります。これらのコードを用いた文章では日本語の前 後に漢字イン、漢字アウトという二つのエスケープ・シーケンスを使用すること により、その中が日本語であることを示します。 The above material covers everything except the handling of half-width katakana. The following two sections share the material already presented, and will describe additions to the JIS encoding to handle half-width katakana. 1.1: JIS7 This code is identical to the JIS encoding described above, except that it allows one to use half-width katakana. It is called JIS7 since all the characters in such an encoded file have their 8th bits masked (i.e., no 8-bit characters). There are two ways to shift into such a mode. The first type makes use of the ASCII SI (shift-in) and SO (shift-out) control characters. To begin a half-width katakana sequence, one must use the SO character, and to end it, one must use the SI character. Note that the text stream must be in a one- byte-per-character mode for this to occur. If the text stream is currently in a KI state, one must send a KO escape sequence before using SO to begin a half-width katakana character sequence. This method is described in the document JIS X 0201-1989, and I have seen it used at least once. The second method is described in the document JIS X 0202-1984, and is simply another escape sequence. This means that a document containing 2-byte Japanese, 1-byte ASCII, and 1-byte (half-width) katakana characters will make use of three escape sequences, one for shifting into each of the three modes. The escape sequence for half-width katakana is ( I This can be treated as any other type of KO escape sequence. I will call it KO (Katakana). 1.2: JIS8 In order to support JIS8, a terminal must be able to handle 8-bit bytes. To get half-width katakana into the output, you simply insert ASCII decimal 161 through 223 into the kanji-out (i.e., single-byte) portion of the stream. In short, a JIS8 terminal will behave like a Shift-JIS terminal for half-width katakana (compare JIS8 half-width katakana code space to that used for Shift- JIS in PART 2.1). The following table lists the code specifications for the 7-bit codes and their respective escape sequences and shifting characters. This information is most useful to programmers. DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL Two-byte characters: first byte 033-126 041-176 21-7E second byte 033-126 041-176 21-7E New-JIS (1983): kanji-in 027 + 036 + 066 033 + 044 + 102 1B + 24 + 42 kanji-out 027 + 040 + 074 033 + 050 + 112 1B + 28 + 4A Old-JIS (1978): kanji-in 027 + 036 + 064 033 + 044 + 100 1B + 24 + 40 kanji-out 027 + 040 + 074 033 + 050 + 112 1B + 28 + 4A NEC-JIS: kanji-in 027 + 075 033 + 113 1B + 4B kanji-out 027 + 072 033 + 110 1B + 48 JIS7 half-width katakana: first byte 033-095 041-176 21-5F shift-out 014 016 0E shift-in 015 017 0F kanji-out 027 + 040 + 073 033 + 050 + 111 1B + 28 + 49 JIS8 half-width katakana: first byte 161-223 241-337 A1-DF PART 2: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES (SHIFT-JIS & EUC) These codes cannot be used reliably through electronic mail networks since 7-bit paths will strip off the 8th bit leaving nothing but garbage. These codes are used primarily for internal processing of Japanese on various platforms. For example, the Japanese system software for the Macintosh uses Shift-JIS code internally. The names in the parentheses below are other names for the same code (i.e., Shift-JIS is also called MS KANJI). EXAMPLES: Shift-JIS (MS KANJI) EUC (AT&T JIS) 2.1: SHIFT-JIS The Shift-JIS implementation is quite unlike that of the 7-bit JIS code as described in PART 1. The two-byte-per-character mode is initiated when a Japanese terminal receives a byte with a decimal value ranging between 129-159 or 224-239. This byte will subsequently be treated as the first byte of an expected two-byte sequence. The following byte (the second byte) must be a byte with a decimal value ranging between 64-252 (but not 127 -- the DEL character). Note that the first byte's range falls entirely in the extended ASCII character set -- true 8-bit characters. The second byte does not share the same limitation, though. Note that Shift-JIS includes half-width katakana. Historically, this is how Shift-JIS got its name: the encoding for 2-byte kanji had to *shift* around the code positions for half-width katakana -- the half-width katakana existed first, and the Japanese wanted backwards compatibility. The following table lists the code specifications for Shift-JIS. Note that all five types together make up Shift-JIS. This information is most useful to programmers. DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL TYPE 1: first byte 129-159 201-237 81-9F second byte 064-158 (not 127) 100-236 (not 177) 40-9E (not 7F) TYPE 2: first byte 224-239 340-357 E0-EF second byte 064-158 (not 127) 100-236 (not 177) 40-9E (not 7F) TYPE 3: first byte 129-159 201-237 81-9F second byte 159-252 237-374 9F-FC TYPE 4: first byte 224-239 340-357 E0-EF second byte 159-252 237-374 9F-FC Half-width katakana: first byte 161-223 241-337 A1-DF 2.2: EUC (EXTENDED UNIX CODE) EUC consists of four code sets, the primary code set (code set 0) which is the ASCII 7-bit character set, and three supplemental code sets (code sets 1, 2, and 3) which can be specified by the user, and are usually used for non- Roman characters. Code set 1 includes the characters of JIS X 0208-1990, code set 2 is used for half-width katakana, and code set 3 is used for user-defined characters. The following table lists the code specifications for all the code sets of EUC. DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL Code set 0 (ASCII): first byte 033-126 041-176 21-7E Code set 1 (JIS X 0208-1990): first byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE second byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE Code set 2 (Half-width katakana): first byte 142 216 8E second byte 161-223 241-337 A1-DF Code set 3 (User-defined characters): first byte 143 217 8F second byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE third byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE PART 3: SENDING JAPANESE There are different environments under which one can send Japanese text from their computer to a mainframe computer for subsequent transmission through electronic mail. Many of these environments are specific to particular types of mainframe computers or electronic services. 3.1: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX I have some experience in sending Japanese from UNIX mainframe computers. One method I know of is to upload the Japanese file using a standard file transfer protocol (like XModem, Kermit, or FTP), then send it as an electronic mail message. The file's Japanese code can be converted to New- or Old-JIS either before sending to the UNIX mainframe, or after it is there. One can also create Japanese text on-line if the appropriate software is installed. 3.2: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER VMS VMS Vax machines can use a program which is executed with the command KANJI at the system prompt ($). This program simply allows the unprintable ASCII control character (escape) to be accepted by VMS Vax machines. The output of the program is a file which is called OUTPUT.DAT. I can supply the code to users of VMS Vax machines upon request. STEP 1: $ [KANJI] (opens VMS Vax for Japanese input) STEP 2: (transfer text from paste buffer or from disk file) STEP 3: [.] (exits 'KANJI' and creates file OUTPUT.DAT) STEP 4: $ [EMAIL] (enters electronic mail system) STEP 5: EMail> [SEND OUTPUT.DAT] To: [address] Subject: [header] (file named OUTPUT.DAT is sent to the addressee) Another (more reliable) method is to use a standard file transfer protocol to transfer the file to the VMS mainframe. Japanese code conversion programs can subsequently convert the file's code to one which is more suitable for transmission by electronic mail. These programs, which can run on a mainframe or personal computer, are described in PART 5. 3.3: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER COMPUSERVE CompuServe users can use an option in the MAIL system which allows one to upload a file from their personal computer to be sent as an electronic mail message. Since one cannot run their own programs on CompuServe, the user must convert their Japanese file to New- or Old-JIS before transferring the file to CompuServe. Note that the Japanese text won't appear properly in the CompuServe editor, but is readable if sent -- try to send Japanese text to yourself as an experiment. One can also upload a file to the PER area (personal storage area for textfiles). Note that CompuServe users can send electronic mail to Internet addresses, and Internet users can send electronic mail to CompuServe addresses. CompuServe users must use the following template for sending to an Internet address: Internet address: lunde@adobe.com Addressing template on CompuServe: >INTERNET:lunde@adobe.com Internet users must use the following template for sending to a CompuServe address: CompuServe user ID: 00000,0000 Addressing template on the Internet: 00000.0000@compuserve.com Note the use of the comma in the CompuServe user ID, and the use of the period in the Internet address. Be aware that the maximum file size which CompuServe users can receive is 50K. If you send anything larger, it must be segmented. 3.4: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER APPLELINK AppleLink, another electronic service, has special email addressing requirements. For example, if someone on the Internet wishes to send email to someone on Applelink, the following pattern is used: Applelink user ID: username Addressing template on the Internet: username@applelink.apple.com The reverse pattern is as follows: Internet address: lunde@adobe.com Addressing template on AppleLink: lunde@adobe.com@INTERNET# Note that "INTERNET#" must be in all caps, and that two "@" characters are used in the addressing template. Also note that AppleLink users cannot receive files more than 32K in size (such files should be segmented before sending), and that they must now pay $0.50 for each message received from the Internet. PART 4: RECEIVING JAPANESE Receiving Japanese text is a bit simpler than sending it as you will find out below. Whether Japanese text will be displayed on-line depends on whether your computer and/or communication software has the ability to display Japanese. The mainframe computer simply stores the electronic codes, and your computer, acting as a Japanese terminal, will interpret them accordingly. 4.1: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER VMS There are two methods for viewing Japanese text on VMS mainframe computers: the first method allows one to view Japanese while in the EMail subprogram; the second method allows one to view Japanese at the system prompt. METHOD 1: STEP 1: open message containing Japanese (only ASCII characters can appear at this stage) STEP 2: EMail> [EXTRACT tt:] (converts message to textfile format and prints it on the screen) (Japanese text will now appear on-line) METHOD 2: STEP 1: open message containing Japanese (only ASCII characters can appear at this stage) STEP 2: EMail> [EXTRACT filename] (converts message to textfile format) STEP 3: EMail> [EXIT] (exits electronic mail system) STEP 4: $ [TYPE filename.TXT] (Japanese text will appear on-line) The reason for this elaborate scheme is due to the VMS Vax mail sub- system's feature which does not permit control characters (like ) to perform their function; they are there, but only appear as a white space. Once the message is in textfile format, the control characters can function properly. 4.2: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX/COMPUSERVE CompuServe and the UNIX mail system allows escape characters to function properly, so these users can read Japanese text on-line just like normal English text as long as their terminal allows Japanese to be displayed. For those who must view Japanese text off-line due to hardware/software limitations, then some sort of file transfer protocol (XModem, Kermit, or FTP) must be used to get the file to where it can be viewed. If your viewer requires the file to be in Shift-JIS format, then the programs which are described in the following part will become important. Step 4 in the above scheme should be ignored, and should replaced by the downloading of the file to your computer. CompuServe users will need to save the message as a file in their PER area, then download it to their computer. PART 5: JAPANESE CODE CONVERSION There are a variety of Japanese code conversion programs available. Some are portable, and some are specific to a particular platform. I will also talk about methods for repairing damaged Japanese files (i.e., those files which were damaged by a mailer -- 8th bit stripped or escape characters removed). 5.1: PORTABLE PROGRAMS I have written a program in ANSI C called jis.c which allows a user to change the Japanese code within a textfile. It can handle Shift-JIS and EUC (both 8-bit Japanese codes), and all three 7-bit Japanese codes (New-JIS, Old- JIS, and NEC-JIS). I distribute this program in the form of source code so that other programmers may benefit from the algorithms used to convert between the various Japanese codes, and also so that it can be compiled under a variety of machines. The program has many useful features: improved error checking, the ability to automatically detect the input file's kanji code, selective conversion of half-width katakana to their full-width equivalents, and command-line argument support. The most current version as of this writing is 2.2. This program (instructions in the header) is available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS/C directory. If you have problems obtaining this program, please feel free to contact me directly for a copy. There also exists a similar program written in C by Mr. Itaru Ichikawa of Fujitsu (ichikawa@flab.fujitsu.co.jp) called NKF (Network Kanji Filter). It was written to run under UNIX, but I also heard that an MS-DOS port of the program exists. This program and its patch (nkf.src and nkf.patch, respectively) are available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS/C directory. 5.2: PROGRAMS FOR THE MACINTOSH For those who wish to convert Japanese files on the Macintosh, there are three such programs available. One is called MacKc 0.93. It is an application written by Masato Hirose (hirose@sws.cpd.mei.co.jp). MacKc 0.93 is much like ASL KConvert (below), but it can *automatically* detect the input file's Japanese code (it supports Shift-JIS, EUC, 2 types of New-JIS, and 2 types of Old-JIS), and allows one to rename the output file. It has many other nice features built-in. It also allows one to modify how lines break. Unlike ASL KConvert (to be described below), it uses a Finder-like interface. This program is FreeWare, and is available at the FTP site ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9). The second is called ASL KConvert 1.0/a3 (in both application and desk accessory form). This program was written by Hiroo Yamada (76414.372@compuserve.com). It handles New-JIS (but does not recognize [ ( B], though), Old-JIS (two types), Shift-JIS, EUC, and another code called DEC Kanji. This program also allows one to change how lines break, namely by carriage return, line feed, or a combination of both. This program also is FreeWare, and is available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1). The third is a Macintosh port of my jis.c program, called JIS v2.2, described above. This program, of course, is FreeWare, and includes source code. It is available at the FTP site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1). 5.3: REPAIRING DAMAGED JIS-ENCODED JAPANESE FILES First I will discuss the repair procedure for JIS-encoded (New- or Old- JIS) files. One might receive Japanese email messages which have had their escape characters stripped out by unfriendly mailers. This is a very annoying problem since one usually must throw out the email message, or manually insert the escape characters. I have written a small program called repair-jis.c which is able to repair such damaged JIS-encoded files by inserting escape characters in the proper places. This program is written in ANSI C, and is available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1). The Macintosh port of this program is available at the FTP site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1). Note that this only works with files which were encoded in either New- or Old- JIS, but since these are really the only codes which are used in email transmission of Japanese, this program should prove to be quite useful and a time-saver. Unfortunately, there is no elegant way of repairing Shift-JIS and EUC files which have had their 8th bits removed. Manual repair of EUC is not too difficult as one simply needs to insert whole KI and KO escape sequences (not just the escape character) around chunks of Japanese text (this transforms it into JIS-encoded text -- remember that EUC is simply escape sequence-less JIS with the 8th bit of both bytes turned on). Doing the same for Shift-JIS is much more difficult, yet possible. I am currently exploring ways to automate the repair of damaged Shift-JIS and EUC files. 5.4: ALGORITHMS It is very important to note that all of the Japanese encoding methods discussed here are mutually compatible. We can take advantage of this fact to convert from one encoding to another. Here are some things to remember when dealing with the conversion of these Japanese encoding methods: 1) EUC is simply escape sequence-less JIS encoding with the 8th bit of both bytes turned on. Besides the obvious handling of escape sequences, one only has to add decimal 128 to both JIS bytes to convert to EUC. The reverse is true. Most mailers strip the 8th bits from email messages -- if one sends an EUC-encoded file through such paths, it turns into escape-sequence-less JIS. 2) Conversion to and from Shift-JIS is more elaborate, and I recommend using the following conversion algorithms in C. A call to each of these functions must pass variables for both bytes to be converted, and pointers are used to return the values back to the calling statement. Again, to convert to and from Shift-JIS and EUC, I recommend using JIS as the middle ground. void sjis2jis(int *p1, int *p2) { register unsigned char c1 = *p1; register unsigned char c2 = *p2; register int adjust = c2 < 159; register int rowOffset = c1 < 160 ? 112 : 176; register int cellOffset = adjust ? (31 + (c2 > 127)) : 126; *p1 = ((c1 - rowOffset) << 1) - adjust; *p2 -= cellOffset; } void jis2sjis(int *p1, int *p2) { register unsigned char c1 = *p1; register unsigned char c2 = *p2; register int rowOffset = c1 < 95 ? 112 : 176; register int cellOffset = c1 % 2 ? 31 + (c2 > 95) : 126; *p1 = ((c1 + 1) >> 1) + rowOffset; *p2 = c2 + cellOffset; } PART 6: JAPANESE ELECTRONIC MAIL NETWORKS AND ADDRESSING TEMPLATES There are two primary electronic mail networks which are used in Japan: JUNET (Japan UNIX Network) and BITNET (also called CREN). There are other computer networks in Japan, such as JAIN (Japanese Academic Network), TISN (Todai International Science Network), WIDE, etc. 6.1: JUNET JUNET is by far the most active electronic mail network in Japan. There are 5 domains within JUNET: AC, GO, OR, AD, and CO. These correspond to Academic Institution (AC), Government (GO), Organization (OR), Administration (AD), and Corporation (CO), respectively. Each JUNET domain must be specified within the address. For example, "hokudai", which is in the AC domain, is addressed as "hokudai.ac.jp". The JP domain, which is JUNET itself, is much simpler; for example, "ntt" would simply be "ntt.jp". Here is a typical Japanese address as used in JUNET: tomita@keio.ac.jp Note that if you experience problems with transmission to JUNET sites, try sending the message through a relay. The above message sent through a relay would look like this: tomita%keio.ac.jp@uunet.uu.net Note the use of "%" and "@" within the address, and that I used "uunet.uu.net" as the relay. For those who previously used "relay.cs.net" as such a relay, please note that it no longer exists. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR JUNET DOMAINS 6.2: BITNET There are currently 93 BITNET nodes in Japan. Besides JUNET and the now developing Japanese Internet (WIDE), there is still an increasing demand for membership in BITNET. I have experienced problems when sending or receiving Japanese text to BITNET addresses. Sending to JUNET addresses is much more reliable. The problem with BITNET lies in the fact that those unprintable ASCII escape characters are removed far too often. I have, however, found out that escape codes do survive when sent as network files (network files are not considered to be electronic mail messages since there is no header; it is simply sending a file from site to site by electronic means). To send a Japanese network file to a bitnet host, use the following format: SEND/FILE/BINARY/TRANSLATE/PRINTER filename address /PRINTER is usually required when sending files whose lines are longer than 80 characters. Escape sequences add data to a line although they are invisible when printed; lines may wrap at unexpected places if this part is omitted from the command. I have noticed that BITNET seems to handle 8-bit codes in electronic mail messages much better than Internet (or JUNET) does. One simply needs to experiment with the site they wish to contact. BITNET addresses are the same as in the US, namely that the following addressing template can be used: username@jpn***** Note that Japanese BITNET sites always begin with the three letters "jpn." SEE APPENDIX 1 FOR BITNET NODES IN JAPAN 6.3: NIFTYSERVE Although there is no direct way to send email from the Internet to NiftyServe (NOTE: most NiftyServe users have CompuServe accounts), a very popular Japanese Bulletin Board Service (BBS), there exists a gateway between NiftyServe and CompuServe. CompuServe users can enter GO NIFTY at any ! prompt to connect to NiftyServe. There are several things to note before doing this: 1) CompuServe charges about $12 per hour on-line costs -- accessing NiftyServe through this gateway, I am told, increases the charge to about $35 per hour; and 2) CompuServe requires 7E1 for communications settings -- NiftyServe requires 8N1 -- this means one must be able to change their communications settings while still connected. However, I am told that CompuServe supports the 8N1 setting, but not during the login process, so making the switch in settings while logged on is not necessary. Also, when you return to CompuServe from NiftyServe by typing "BYE," CompuServe will no longer recognize your 8N1 settings. 6.4: TWICS TWICS is an electronic mail and computer conferencing system based in Tokyo, Japan. It is operated as a commercial service. TWICS first went online in 1984, became globally accessible through public packet switched data networks in 1986, and joined the world of inter-system inter-network email in 1987. TWICS is now accessible through direct dialup modems (+81-3-3351-8244 or +81-3-3351-7905, settings: 300-2400; 8N1) and three different public data networks (NTT DDX-P: 4401 3612065, NIS TYMNET: 4406 000524, and TYMPAS: (NISJPN) 524). The orientation of TWICS is people and communication, rather than data and information, and we provide a range of different facilities to support this: VMS MAIL for email using various tools to exchange through other protocols like uucp; the PARTICIPATE conferencing system for our public community and some private groups; the jCaucus conferencing system for our distributed Meta^Port conferences and some specialized functions; a news reader for USENET/JUNET newsgroups; three different real-time chat utilities; and various file transfer protocols. The basic price of membership is 3,000 yen per month, with no additional connect time usage charges. You pay for your own access, through the most appropriate channel. We have special rates for groups with a single billing address, and continue to offer free complimentary membership to people outside Japan who want to join our online community. For more information on TWICS, please contact them using the information below: TWICS Co., Ltd. IEC/NichiBei Kaiwa Gakuin 1-21 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160 JAPAN Phone: +81-3-3351-5977; FAX: +81-3-3353-6096 email: twics@twics.co.jp To login to TWICS as a guest in order to obtain more information, use the above modem phone numbers or packet switching network numbers to connect, then login as a guest by typing GUEST or NEW (no password required). I hope to include more such information on accessing Japanese electronic services in future versions of JAPAN.INF. PART 7: JUNET NEWS JUNET News is the Japanese equivalent to Usenet NEWS. Each newsgroup name is prefixed with fj, which means "From Japan." JUNET News is an information service which contains many newsgroups. It acts much like a bulletin board in Japan, but is distributed in the United States using electronic mail (NOTE: not all newsgroups are available in this electronic mail distribution). The articles posted to JUNET News are in Japanese, and are encoded in either Old-JIS or New-JIS. To subscribe to the JUNET News mailing list, simply send a request to Hisao Nojima at nojima@nttlab.ntt.jp or to Stanford University at junet-news- request@russell.stanford.edu. You will then receive a *grab bag* of articles from one or more of the following newsgroups: fj.ai fj.books fj.comp.oops fj.comp.text fj.editor.emacs fj.followup fj.general fj.junet fj.misc fj.rec.animation fj.rec.ham fj.rec.misc fj.soc.misc fj.sys.mac fj.sys.pc98 The following is information about alternate methods for receiving JUNET News articles: 1) With rrn (remote rn), you can read the fj.* newsgroups from your system via NNTP (Network News Transmission Protocol or some such thing). This is usually the easiest way; any user can do it, you don't need root-access on your system to set this up. There are also remote news readers that use GNU Emacs. There are also remote news readers for just about any computer in the known universe out there; Mac, VAX, I think even PC's. 2) Physically telnet into the NNTP port and interact with the nntp daemon directly. This can be done but it's not very fun.... A sample session would look like group fj.general article next article group fj.kanji This method is not recommended unless you are desperate. 3) Get a newsfeed of the fj.* newsgroups. This is by far the easiest method. Although there are about 150 or so fj.* newsgroups, the volume is pretty low (compared to comp and rec), so if you're not the news administrator at your site, it may be easy to convince him/her to set up the newsfeed for them. Then you would be able to read the newsgroups locally on your own machine and post messages, etc. 4) Jason Molenda (molenda@s1.msi.umn.edu) can have his news system mail you the articles. You may end up with 200-300 articles per day in your mailbox, though. I urge you not to ask him to send you several newsgroups as this will most surely clog mailing systems. SEE APPENDIX 3 FOR JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS PART 8: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS The basic necessity for sending and receiving Japanese text using electronic mail is a Japanese terminal. A mainframe computer itself does not give you the ability to display Japanese text, but only stores the raw code along with its escape sequences. Below are some suggestions for obtaining a Japanese terminal. I am sure there are others, and I will incorporate them into JAPAN.INF once I find them. 8.1: GENERAL MAINFRAMES There is an interesting piece of software written by Koichi Yasuoka (yasuoka@kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp) called kbanner2 with which one can display Japanese on any terminal. It simply uses ASCII symbols to build large Japanese characters. This program is distributed as source code, and is made into an executable program by simply typing "make." This software can be obtained from the FTP site ginkaku.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp (130.54.8.71) as the file "kbanner2.tar.Z," or by sending a request to ftp@ginkaku.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp with a "Subject:" line reading "kbanner2" (the uuencoded file then will arrive in six segments -- join the segments, uudecode, uncompress, and untar). Here is a sample command line and the resulting output (the contents of "testfile.txt" is the author's name in Japanese): % kbanner -s -5 testfile.txt ; ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ,; ;''''''''''''; ; ', ,' ; ''''';''';;' ' ,; ' ; ,,;,,,,;,, ; ,,,,,,,;,,;,,,,, ,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ,,'' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,; ,; ; ; ; ; ; ,,,''''''';'' ,;,,, ,;' ; ; ; ; ; ,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,, ,;'';,, ; '''''''' ; ; ,,;'' '';, ; ,,; ,,; % The "-s" flag is used to make characters smaller (without it, they are about twice as big). The "-5" flag indicates the number of columns to use. There is also an "-l" flag which is for landscape mode. 8.2: NeXT Izumi Ohzawa (izumi@violet.berkeley.edu) has set up a mailing list called "next-nihongo" to exchange information and ideas on using Japanese on the NeXT platform. If you wish to be added to, or removed from this mailing list, send an email message to next-nihongo-request@pinoko.berkeley.edu. If you wish to post an article to the mailing list, use next-nihongo@pinoko.berkeley.edu (DO NOT send requests to this mailing-list manager). The installed user-base of the NeXT computer is still quite small, and the number of users who are interested in using Japanese on NeXT is even smaller. This list should help at the initial stage of the development of the NeXT user community. Additionally, NeXT users should lobby NeXT and Canon (the NeXT distributor in Asia) to provide the Japanese version of the NeXT OS at a reasonable cost outside of Japan as soon as possible. The Japanese version of the NeXT OS (2.1J) started shipping in Japan in July, 1991. It appears to offer the best Japanese language environment of all workstation-class computers. The educational price of the NeXT even compares favorably with the Macintosh when the cost of a PostScript Japanese printer is included (and if the OS is offered at a reasonable price). The ASCII version of JTeX for the NeXT is available at the FTP site srawgw.sra.co.jp (133.137.4.3). 8.3: UNIX Kterm is used by UNIX, and works under the X Window system. There is also a Japanese Front-End Processor called Wnn. NEmacs (written by Ken'ichi Handa of ETL) and nepoch at the FTP site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) are Japanese text editors. Some people prefer JSTEVIE. For printing purposes, JTeX (ASCII and NTT versions) and kanjips are useful. Wnn is a Japanese front-end processor which runs under UNIX (a Macintosh version already exists). The name Wnn comes from the project objective to make a good Kana-to-Kanji conversion program which can convert "Watashino Namae ha Nakano desu" into correct Japanese on the first attempt. Wnn version 4.0.3 is available at the FTP site utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11). The following document (in English) gives an overview of Wnn: KABA Software Research Group: Overview of GMW+Wnn System, 2nd IEEE Conference on Computer Workstations (1988), pp. 170-177. There is a public domain vi-based editor named JSTEVIE which supports most vi and ex commands, Japanese input, tag stack, etc. It runs mainly on UNIX and MS-DOS systems, and should be easy to port to other platforms. It is based on the STEVIE 3.69 sources by Tony Andrews. Features of JSTEVIE include: - Japanese kanji support - works with JIS, EUC, and SJIS codes, and with most MS-DOS front-end processors - shiftwidth, autowrite, and fepcontrol settings - tag stack (cf. Sun's vi) for returning to previous context after using :ta or ^[ commands - :map, :map!, :ab, :unmap, :unmap!, and :unab are supported - uses TERMCAP file for terminal settings The latest version of JSTEVIE (J1.2) is available at the FTP site utsun.s.u- tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11). It is also available at the FTP site mindseye.berkeley.edu (128.32.232.19). Any questions or comments about JSTEVIE should be sent to its author, Jun Ohta (ohta@src.ricoh.co.jp). NEmacs (Nihongo Emacs) is a Japanese language editor based on GNU Emacs. It runs under a system in which GNU Emacs runs, and is distributed in the form of patches to GNU Emacs or the previous version of NEmacs. NEmacs can handle kanji and kana characters in a buffer, and displays them on the screen. File I/O, interprocess communication, screen display, and keyboard input are all specially designed for handling Japanese character codes: JIS, Shift-JIS, and EUC. TAMAGO supplies the Japanese text environment for NEmacs. TAMAGO requires the kana-to-kanji conversion server Wnn V3.3 or later. The latest version is TAMAGO Ver.3.0.0. TAMAGO enables one to input Japanese characters, and edit Japanese text in a NEmacs buffer. By default, Roman characters are used to input kana, and then the kana are converted into kanji, but you can customize TAMAGO to accept direct kana or kanji input. TAMAGO also extends NEmacs' text editing functions for fill/justify and search/replace, or adds new ones to fit the Japanese writing system. TAMAGO (means "egg" in Japanese) is an abbreviation of TAKUSAN MATASETE GOMEN NASAI (沢山待たせてごめんなさい), "sorry to keep you waiting so long." The latest versions of NEmacs and TAMAGO are available at several FTP sites: clover.ucdavis.edu (128.120.57.1), june.cs.washington.edu (128.95.1.4), sauna.hut.fi (130.233.192.1), russell.stanford.edu (36.9.0.9), mtfuji.gw.u-tokyo.ac.jp (128.167.64.2), utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11), and ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp (131.112.16.39). Any questions or suggestions about NEmacs or TAMAGO should be sent to nemacs@etl.go.jp or tamago@etl.go.jp, respectively. Kanji printing programs are available at the FTP site a.nl.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.250.143). The kit consists of 3 programs: 1) kanjips - converts a PostScript program including JIS kanji text into normal PostScript text by expanding each kanji character into a dot pattern (requires the use of perl -- Mark Edwards' version does not require perl, though); 2) jenscript - converts plain text including kanji into Postscript Japanese files; and 3) mp - converts mail/news articles into PostScript Japanese files. Kanjips can handle many types of Japanese pattern files, such as 1) Pxl/pk files used in JTeX (jisjka24, etc.); 2) X11 bdf files (k14, k24, etc.); 3) GMW pattern files; and 4) Plain dot-matrix pattern files. Sample usage: % jenscript kanjifile | kanjips | lpr -Plw -- prints a Japanese textfile % show | mp | kanjips | lpr -Plw -- prints mail containing Japanese Kterm is now available from the following FTP sites: crl.nmsu.edu (128.123.1.14); expo.lcs.mit.edu (18.30.0.212); kythera.nmsu.edu (128.123.1.14); and kum.kaist.ac.kr (137.68.1.65). Version 4.1.2 supports Chinese (GuoBiao (7- and 8-bit), Big5, and Shift-GuoBiao encoding), Japanese (EUC, Shift-JIS, and JIS encoding), Korean (KS C 5601-1989 Hangul and n-byte Hangul encoding), ISO 6429 color text sequences, and X11 Compound Text character set sequences (Not all of the character sets are supported, but the sequences are recognized). The README file mentions anonymous FTP locations for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Hangul BDF fonts. Please send bug reports, fixes, enhancements, etc. to Mark Leisher at mleisher@nmsu.edu. The following is a description of using Japanese on UNIX written by Frank Sheeran. Some of the material is slightly repeated from above paragraphs, though. There are several pieces of software that allow use of Japanese at various levels under UNIX, if you are using X11 windowing environment. If you are not using X11, you are probably out of luck. In short, X11 allows programs (i.e., clients) on any Internet computer to be used much like a Macintosh or a Windows program, right on your screen, with graphics. Xterm is the standard terminal emulation program. If you know xterm, kterm is the same, only it uses JIS fonts. It automatically follows shifts between ASCII and JIS formats, and is fine by itself for reading mail. Many sizes of fonts are available. Since X terminals usually have big screens and high resolution, a 16-point font is fine for general use. Kterm also displays Korean and Chinese, if you have the appropriate Hangul/Hanzi fonts. Kinput captures input, uses Wnn (like a meat grinder - ASCII in, JIS out) to convert to kanji, then sends the JIS codes on their merry way. Depending on your task, your X11 system will need: JIS fonts JTeX kterm kinput Wnn NEmacs/JSTEVIE ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Viewing: yes yes Printing: yes Terminal emulation: yes yes yes yes Editing: yes maybe yes yes 8.4: MS-DOS There is a program which allows any IBM or clone (USA type) to read (but not to send) incoming Japanese text. I have tried it, and it works fairly well. It does require graphics capability, the basic being Hercules. To obtain a copy, contact Seiichi Nomura (b470ssn@utarlvm1). MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) version 2.1 is a Japanese text editor written by Mark Edwards (101015.206@compuserve.com). It allows one to create Japanese text for sending by electronic mail. It can also be used for displaying Japanese text. I recommend it highly for MS-DOS users; the only alternative is EW+, which costs $850.00. MOKE 2.1 costs $69.95 plus $5.00 for shipping and handling (an extra $5.00 shipping for foreign addresses). MOKE 2.1 can be used in conjunction with communication software, such as PROCOMM or Kermit, for sending/receiving Japanese text. Registered owners of MOKE 2.0 can upgrade to version 2.1 for $30.00 plus $5.00 shipping (again, an extra $5.00 shipping for foreign addresses). MOKE 2.1 can be ordered from the following address (specify 3.5" or 5.25" disks): KiCompWare Attn: J.J. 1812 N. Erb St. Appleton, WI 54911 USA PHONE: 414-832-1222 BBS: 414-735-6020 In case personal contact with the author is required, his address in Japan is as follows (NOTE: do not use this address for ordering MOKE 2.1!): Mark Edwards #405 Konya manshon 4-12-6 Gono kami Hamura-cho, Nishitamagun Tokyo 190 JAPAN PHONE: 0425-79-3910 A ShareWare version of MOKE (version 1.1) is still available at the FTP site utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11). KD (Kanji Driver) is a program written by Izumi Ohzawa (izumi@violet.berkeley.edu) of University of California-Berkeley. KD is available at the FTP site mindseye.berkeley.edu (128.32.232.19). KD supports JIS Levels 1 and 2, and Japanese files may be displayed on-line (one does not have to download a file for viewing). KD is written in Turbo C and runs on all graphic adapters. KD, which comes with dmore, can also be used with the Kermit terminal program. There is also a Japanese terminal program called hterm (version 2.6.0.0), available free for non-military use at the FTP site azabu.tkl.iis.u- tokyo.ac.jp (130.69.16.7). It is a full-featured terminal program that allows one to view Japanese on-line using American-made IBM/PC's with EGA or VGA. It emulates a VT220 terminal. It also contains a program called hemacs, with which one can read Shift-JIS encoded files up to 800 lines long, and can edit the file to some degree (no FEP support, though). It comes in a huge package (500K+), and the source code is available at the same site. I was told that the hemacs included with this version may be corrupted, and that the one included with version 2.6.0.-2 is fine, and is available at the FTP site msdos.archive.umich.edu (141.211.164.153). A recent arrival to the MS-DOS world is IBM DOS J5.0/V. It is a Japanese operating system for MS-DOS computers, and is IBM's answer to KanjiTalk for the Macintosh. It is similar to KanjiTalk in that its Japanese fonts are stored in RAM rather than in ROM. This allows non-Japanese MS-DOS machines (i.e., those sold in the US) to implement Japanese. The following are the hardware requirements/recommendation for running IBM DOS J5.0/V: PS/55, PC/AT compatible, or PS/2 VGA, XGA or PS/55 display Adaptor CPU better than 80286 1MB RAM or more (4MB recommended) This operating system retails for 22,000 Yen (or so I have heard). Note that the Paradise VGA professional and the ProDesignerII VGA cards do not work with this operating system. There is a public domain version of the keyboard driver required for IBM DOS J5.0/V if you plan to use a non-Japanese 101 keyboard, and it is located in the FLEFO (foreign language forum) on CompuServe as the file called NBCC.ZIP. Japanese documentation describes installation. There are at least three US sources (all are in California) for IBM DOS J5.0/V. Contact them for more information on pricing and availability: K Electronics (PHONE: 415-346-5964; FAX: 415-346-0764) Sprint-Hill Corporation (PHONE: 213-530-3211; FAX: 213-534-2342) I/O Software (PHONE: 714-483-5706; FAX: 714-483-5710) There is a speculation that an XGA version will be introduced sometime in the near future. CompuServe's FLEFO has a lot of discussion about IBM DOS J5.0/V, so that it also another resource for additional information. A Japanese word processor for MS-DOS machines called Yukara is now available. There are two versions available: Yukara AT for $520, and YukaraATmini for $390. They also sell a Japanese communications program called KanjiComm for $200. For more information, or to request a copy of their free demo disk, contact Kureo R & D (PHONE: 604-433-7715; FAX: 604-433-3393). A Japanese editor called Smart Characters can be obtained from APROPOS Incorporated (8 Belknap Street, Arlington, MA 02174 USA; PHONE: 617-648-2041). I hear that it costs about $80.00, and is very similar to MOKE 2.1. The latest news I have is on a FreeWare Japanese word processor called NJStar version 2.0j written by Ni Hongbo (hongbo@csd.unsw.oz.au or 87p0786@csdvax.csd.unsw.edu.au). This program is available at the FTP site monu6.cc.monash.edu.au (130.194.1.106) in the pub/Nihongo directory as njsta20j.zip, and will soon be at other FTP sites. This program was originally designed as a Chinese word processor, but was recently ported to handle Japanese. It supports New-JIS, Old-JIS, NEC-JIS, and EUC Japanese codes (New- JIS used by default for saving files, and EUC is used internally), and also includes romaji-to-kana input with kana-to-kanji conversion. Its interface includes pull-down menus and mouse support (mouse buttons are user- configurable), and handles 19-line EGA or 25-line VGA display. It also has rich editing functions to include multi-file editing, delete/undelete, two-way fast search, flexible replace, and extensive block manipulations. Other features include the ability to write and use macros, an auto-save function, and the ability to create a PCX file for facsimile transmission use 24-dot Japanese fonts. 8.5: MACINTOSH The Macintosh, in my opinion, is probably the best computer you can buy (at least in the United States) if you wish to use Japanese in the things you do. JAPANESE OS (KANJITALK 6.0.7) You will need at least 2MB RAM (I suggest getting 4MB if you wish to use MultiFinder) and a hard disk to make KanjiTalk work properly. Note that KanjiTalk 6.0.7.1 is now available, but only installs on the new Macintosh models (Quadras, Powerbooks, etc.). There are three ways to acquire KanjiTalk in the United States: 1) On the CD-ROM which is included with every issue of "d e v e l o p" from APDA. A one-year subscription to "d e v e l o p" is $30 (sample issues are sold for $13 each -- $10 plus $3 shipping). Call 800-545-9364 or send email to dev.subs@applelink.apple.com. The latest issue includes both KanjiTalk version 6.0.7 and 6.0.7.1. 2) From any of Apple's authorized dealers (listed at the end of this section) for approximately $400 (this is the only way you will be eligible for future upgrades). 3) By sending a $25 check (includes 1st Class postage within the United States) to Twilight Clone, P.O. Box 6669, Silver Spring, MD 20916-6669 USA requesting KanjiTalk version 6.0.7 (they also handle other International versions of Macintosh System Software, like Chinese, Korean, etc.). JAPANESE OS (KANJITALK 6.0.7 + SYSTEM 7) There also exist programs which can be used to force KanjiTalk (the KanjiTalk CDEV and Japanese fonts) to run under System 7. These include SweetJAM 7.0, ModeNihongo, and GomTalk7 v1.2.1. The former two are commercial products, and the latter is FreeWare. The only information I have on SweetJAM 7.0 is that it costs 39,000 Yen, and comes with two TrueType Japanese fonts. ModeNihongo costs 18,000 Yen. GomTalk7 v1.2.1, written by Masashi Gomyo (74060.1411@compuserve.com), is an excellent package. Installation requires the KanjiTalk 6.0.7 and System 7 disks. The result is System 7 which has the ability to display and process Japanese text just like KanjiTalk 6.0.7. I personally use such an environment, and find it to be more stable than KanjiTalk 6.0.7. GomTalk7 v1.2.1 is available at the FTP sites sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6), scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1), and ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9). JAPANESE COMMUNICATIONS NinjaTerm 0.962 is a very popular Japanese communications program written by Michiharu Ariza of Adobe Systems Japan. It is FreeWare, and available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1). NinjaTerm can send and receive Japanese text in New-JIS and Old-JIS codes; it also supports Shift-JIS and EUC. A commercial program called EGTalk 2.0 performs very much like NinjaTerm above, but is commercial software. Version 1.3 costed 38,000 Yen. For Macintoshes with TCP/IP, FastPath, GatorBox, etc., NCSA TelnetJ works fine as a Japanese terminal emulator. This is the Japanese version of NCSA Telnet. Another program, ASLTelnet 2.3/b2, from the author of ASLEdit+, also works very well, and can be used for the same purposes. Both of these programs are available at the FTP site utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11). ASLTelnet 2.3/b2 is also available at the FTP site sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6). I personally use ASLTelnet 2.3/b2. JAPANESE TEXT PROCESSING In order to input (create) Japanese text on a Macintosh, you will need to be running Japanese system software, namely KanjiTalk (see above). You will also need a front-end processor (FEP) as well as an editor or word processor. An FEP is the tool which performs the so-called kana-to-kanji conversion (captures ASCII input, and turns it into kana and kanji), and an editor or word processor is simply the "blackboard" on which you write. Be aware that some blackboards are "smarter" than others (e.g., MicroSoft Word does not handle Japanese properly, but Nisus performs extremely well). FRONT-END PROCESSORS These are also known as Japanese input engines or kana-kanji conversion software -- they are simply used to input Japanese text. An FEP called 2.1 HENKAN is included with the KanjiTalk distribution. There are other, more powerful, FEP's available, some of which are EGBridge 5.1r2, TurboJIP 1.2, Wnn, Katana 4.0, and MacVJE 2.5. I personally use MacVJE 2.5, and find it very powerful and flexible. I recommend it highly. The standard retail price for an FEP is 18,000 Yen, and most can be purchased separate from a specific word processor. Here is a listing of Japanese word processors, and the FEP which is bundled with each (NOTE: the FEP's in parentheses are not bundled, but have support for in-line conversion): Solo Writer EGBridge (MacVJE) MacWriteII-J MacVJE (EGBridge) EGWord EGBridge TurboWriter TurboJIP WaltzWord Katana MacWord MacVJE 2ByWord Wnn (EGBridge & MacVJE) In-line conversion is the term which is used to describe where input and conversion take place for Japanese text. When in-line conversion is supported, Japanese input and conversion takes place at the cursor's position; when it is not supported, such tasks take place in a dedicated window usually appearing on the bottom part of the screen (or can be placed anywhere the user desires). Needless to say, the former method is much easier as one's eyes need not shift positions while typing text. There are three programs which force in-line conversion support in various applications. The first two are written by Hideaki Iimori (73570.53@compuserve.com), and are called Inline++VJE 1.0.1 and Inline++EGB 1.0. The former forces in-line conversion when using MacVJE in a number of applications, such as ASLEdit+, YooEdit, Nisus, SoloWriter, Word Perfect, etc., and any application which uses standard TextEdit routines (i.e., Finder, TeachText, miniWRITER, etc.). The latter is the same, but is used in conjunction with EGBridge. The third program is written by Nobuhiro Miyatake (miyatake@apple.com), and is called VJE InLINE 2.3C. Note that this program only supports in-line conversion in applications which use standard TextEdit routines (i.e., Finder, TeachText, miniWRITER, etc.), but also allows one to access Japanese CD-ROM dictionaries (see PART 9.1). These three programs are FreeWare, and can be found at the FTP site ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9). Note that MacVJE 2.5 has built-in in-line conversion support for applications and desk accessories that use standard TextEdit routines. JAPANESE TEXT EDITING There is a text editor called miniWRITER 1.71 which handles Japanese remarkably well. It is a DA (Desk Accessory), so it is accessible everywhere on the Macintosh. It handles Japanese beautifully, and is ShareWare ($12.00). It is available at the FTP sites sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) and ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9). My favorite Japanese text editor is ASLEdit+ 1.0/a30, written by Hiroo Yamada (76414.372@compuserve.com). It does not have a word-wrap feature (it was designed to be an editor for source code). This program comes as a DA and application. It is available at the FTP sites sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) and ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9), is FreeWare, and has a very robust search/replace feature. The last text editor I would like to mention is YooEdit 0.95 written by Yooichi Tagawa. Like ASLEdit+ above, it comes as a DA and application, but incorporates a line-wrapping feature which works best with Japanese, not English (you see, it splits words randomly at the end of lines). It is FreeWare, and is available at the FTP site ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9). JAPANESE WORD PROCESSING/PAGE LAYOUT There are several Japanese word processors for the Macintosh: マックライ トII-J (MacWriteII-J), EGWord, ワルツワード (WaltzWord), TurboWriter, MacWord, zeroByWord, ByWord, にばいわーど (2ByWord), and Solo Writer. There are also Japanese DeskTop Publishing programs for the Macintosh: QuarkXPress 2.0J, Aldus PageMaker 3.5J, and EGBook. I personally use Solo Writer and PageMaker 3.5J. There are US sources for these programs. Another Japanese word processor called BlueHawk is due out very soon (actually, long past due). It is very cheap (3800 Yen!), and will be marketed in Japan by Akiba Pascal (I know of no US source). A localized Japanese version of Nisus (called Solo Writer) was released in May 1991. Its price in Japan is 68,000 Yen, and in the US is $495.00. Paragon Concepts, who wrote the program (Mercury Software markets it in Japan), tells me that registered users of Nisus can purchase Solo Writer for only $250.00. Paragon Concepts and Mercury Software both offer free demo disks, for Nisus and Solo Writer, respectively. Paragon Concepts can be reached by phone at 800-922-2993 or by email at d0405@applelink.apple.com. JAPANESE FONTS KanjiTalk, of course, includes Japanese fonts. There are two basic types of Japanese fonts: Mincho- (明朝) and Gothic- (ゴシック) style. Included in the package are PostScript screen fonts (requires the use of the LaserWriterII NTX-J for PostScript output) and ImageWriterII fonts. The following chart lists the fonts included with KanjiTalk 6.0.7: PostScript Screen: 細明朝体 (Mincho), 等幅明朝 (mono-spaced Mincho), 中 ゴシック体(Gothic), 等幅ゴシック (mono-spaced Gothic) ImageWriterII: Kyoto (Mincho), Osaka (Gothic) Individuals in Japan have also designed their own fonts. All of these are ImageWriterII fonts, and have special characteristics. They are as follows: ASLFont+ 9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, 1-byte Roman font is Monaco, included with ASLEdit+ and ASLTelnet, mono-spaced font, good utility font Tokyo 12/24-point, Japanese is Osaka, 1-byte Roman font is Chicago, no half-width katakana support, makes a good System font using SystemFontINIT Koshigaya 9/12/18/24-point, Japanese is Osaka, 1-byte Roman font is Geneva, no half-width katakana support, makes a good Application font using SysFontINIT Yoshinogari 9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, 1-byte Roman font is Geneva K2! 9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, Roman is Chicago, makes a good System and Application font by using a utility such as KTCustomizer at the FTP site ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) I use Tokyo as my System font, Koshigaya as my Application font, and ASLFont+ for most editing purposes. I have placed a file called japan-fonts.hqx at the FTP sites sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) and ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9). It includes the five Japanese fonts mentioned above (ASLFont+, Tokyo, Koshigaya, Yoshinogari, and K2!) along with an INIT called SysFontINIT which requires the use of the Tokyo and Koshigaya fonts. There is also another FreeWare font package called Shizuoka Font Set, and includes the following fonts: Chiyoda 1.0 12-point, user-selectable Japanese font (default is Osaka), 1-byte Roman font is Chicago (caps are 1 pixel wider), no half-width katakana support, makes a good System font Chiyoda-J 1.1 9/12-point, like Chiyoda 1.0 except that it supports half-width katakana Chiyoda-J (Osaka) 9/12-point, like Chiyoda-J 1.1 except that the Japanese font is fixed as Osaka Sumpu 1.1 9/10/12/14-Point, user-selectable Japanese font, 1-byte Roman font is Geneva, no half-width katakana support, makes a good Application font Kutsunoya 1.2 9/12-point, user-selectable Japanese font, 1-byte Roman font is Geneva, supports the special characters as used in ASLFont+, mono-spaced font The Chiyoda series make excellent System fonts, and are very much like Tokyo and K2! above. Also included are detailed instruction on how to change the default Japanese font (ResEdit required). A copy of this font package is available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1). Adobe Systems Incorporated has released five downloadable PostScript Japanese typefaces: FutoMinA101-Bold (bold Mincho), FutoGoB101-Bold (bold Gothic), Jun101-Light (light rounded Gothic), MidashiMinMA31 (display Mincho), and MidashiGoMB31 (display Gothic). They are also ATM-J compatible, and cost 99,000 Yen ($755.00 in the US) each (high-resolution versions, namely for 600 dpi and higher printers, are available at 499,000 Yen each). Adobe has also released the long awaited ATM-J (Japanese version of Adobe Type Manager), which includes two PostScript Japanese fonts (Ryumin-Light and GothicBBB- Medium), and costs 40,000 Yen ($295.00 in the US). ATM-J gives one LaserWriterII NTX-J (PostScript Japanese laser printer) print quality on printers other than an LaserWriterII NTX-J (even on non-PostScript printers!). The LaserWriterII NTX-J itself is being marketed in the US and Japan, comes with Ryumin-Light and GothicBBB-Medium installed on an external hard disk, and retails for $6300 (the LaserWriterII NTX-J upgrade kit, which includes a controller board w/4MB RAM, an external 40MB hard disk containing the two PostScript Japanese fonts, and manuals, retails for $4000). SystemSoft America distributes Adobe Systems' Japanese software products in the United States. For more information on Adobe's Japanese products, contact SystemSoft America at 800-882-8856. MISCELLANEOUS There is a very useful desk accessory for inputting Japanese characters, especially difficult to input ones (i.e., JIS Level 2 kanji) which is called 区点コード表 2.13 (KUTEN Code Table 2.13). It is written by Takanaga Yamazaki (71671.231@compuserve.com). I find it a very useful tool. It is available at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1). For those of you who use KanjiTalk 6.0.7, and are bothered by the default Japanese ScriptManager setting at startup, there is a CDEV called jBASHING 1.41 which remedies the situation by allowing the user to change the default script at startup. It is written by Hiro Fujimoto, and is available at the FTP site ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9). Many of us who aspire to write Japanese well enjoy making use of Japanese manuscript paper (原稿用紙). There are two programs which can generate such pages. The first one is written by Jim Loomis (loomis@uts.amdahl.com), and is called JapanPaper 1.0. It is available at the FTP site sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6). The second program is actually PostScript language code written by Mike Rosenlof (rosenlof@milton.u.washington.edu). This file, when downloaded to any PostScript printer (using Adobe Systems' SendPS or Apple's LaserWriter Font Utility), will produce Japanese manuscript paper. Here is the program. Just grab the parts between BEGIN and END: --- BEGIN --- %! % genkoyoshi 2.1 b91/11/22 % % print out paper for writing Japanese % % (c) 1991 Mike Rosenlof % % you may distribute this program freely so long as % this header information is intact % % bug reports, questions, ... to rosenlof@milton.u.washington.edu % or Mike Rosenlof, 2525 NW Oak Crest Drive, Issaquah, WA 98027 USA % % % revision history % % 21 Nov 1991 complete rewrite of old version % % % some useful global declarations % /inch { 72 mul } def % don't change these!! /cm { inch 2.54 div } def /mm { inch 25.4 div } def % % define how many copies to print % % if you're paying for the postscript printer by the page % it's probably cheaper to use a copier to make more copies than one! % /#copies 1 def % ok to change % % define the character cell size here % /cellheight 10 mm def % ok to change /cellwidth 9 mm def % % define the minimum margin widths % % these values are the minimum values, the margins may be increased % to nicely frame the character boxes % /topMargin 30 mm def % ok to change /leftMargin 10 mm def /rightMargin 10 mm def /bottomMargin 20 mm def % % define the paper size here % /pageWidth 8.5 inch def /pageHeight 11 inch def % %----------------------------------------------------------------------------- % change code below here at your own risk!! %----------------------------------------------------------------------------- % % % start to size the drawing area % /xmin leftMargin def /xmax pageWidth rightMargin sub def /ymin bottomMargin def /ymax pageHeight topMargin sub def % % calculate the number of cells to draw in each direction % % x direction first % /xcount xmax xmin sub cellwidth 2 div sub %stack: cellwidth 1.5 mul div truncate %stack: x cell count def % % and y direction % /ycount ymax ymin sub cellheight div truncate def % % calculate the space the number of cells we're going to draw % will actually take, and adjust the drawing area to fit exactly % /width cellwidth 1.5 mul xcount mul cellwidth 2 div add def /height cellheight ycount mul def xmax xmin sub width sub 2 div % stack: fudge factor dup xmin add /xmin exch def xmax exch sub /xmax exch def ymax ymin sub height sub 2 div % stack: fudge factor dup ymin add /ymin exch def ymax exch sub /ymax exch def [2 2] 1 setdash 0 setlinewidth % % draw the vertical lines % /xpos xmin cellwidth 2 div add def { xpos ymin moveto xpos ymax lineto stroke xpos cellwidth add dup ymin moveto ymax lineto stroke /ypos ymin cellheight add def { xpos ypos moveto xpos cellwidth add ypos lineto stroke /ypos ypos cellheight add def ypos ymax cellheight 2 div sub ge { exit } if } loop /xpos xpos cellwidth 1.5 mul add def xpos xmax cellwidth sub ge { exit } if } loop % % go back to solid lines and draw a box around the drawing area % [] 0 setdash 1 setlinewidth xmin ymin 1 sub moveto xmin ymax 1 add lineto xmax ymax 1 add lineto xmax ymin 1 sub lineto closepath stroke % % draw a line half the width of the drawing area % two thirds of the way between the top of page and % top of the drawing area pageWidth 2 div pageHeight dup ymax sub 2 mul 3 div sub moveto xmax xmin sub 4 div neg 0 rmoveto xmax xmin sub 2 div 0 rlineto stroke showpage --- END --- KANJITALK MAILING LIST A mailing list dedicated to KanjiTalk has been established. The primary language used for communicating is English, but there will be occasional Japanese text. If you are interested in this list, send a message to the following email address: kanjitalk-request@crl.go.jp. There are several commands which are accepted, all of which must appear on the "Subject:" line of the message (administration will read any text in the message body, though): append Adds your name and address to the mailing list. list List members get membership list, others get a help file. delete Removes your name and address from the mailing list. Articles are then posted by sending them to the following email address: kanjitalk@crl.go.jp. SOURCES There are two good US sources for commercial Japanese-related products for the Macintosh: Qualitas Trading Company 2029 Durant Street Berkeley, CA 94704 USA PHONE: 510-848-8080 FAX: 510-848-8009 Japanese Language Services 186 Lincoln Street Boston, MA 02111 USA PHONE: 617-338-2211 FAX: 617-338-4611 The following list contains the authorized Apple dealers which handle Apple's Japanese products in the US. Unfortunately, I have no phone numbers. Connecting Point Oahu, HI; Maui, HI; and Atlanta, GA Computer Attic Redwood City, CA Computer Selection San Francisco, CA AC Computer Sioux City, IA Automated Office Chicago, IL AC3 Ann Arbor, MI Custom Computer New York, NY Graham Computer Dayton, OH; Indianapolis, IN (2); Louisville, KY; and Cincinnati, OH (2) In many cases it is best to purchase Japanese software in Japan. The following store in Japan offers a 20% or so discount on such software (they carry just about everything), and will accept facsimile orders from the US with payment by credit card (VISA and American Express only, and you must send an enlarged photocopy of your credit card with an order). I recommend them highly. MacSTATION, Inc. Palais Royal Rokubancho #702 6-1 Rokubancho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102 JAPAN PHONE: +81-3-5276-7981 FAX: +81-3-5276-7985 The most current versions of Japanese FreeWare and ShareWare programs will be made available at the FTP site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) in the ftp2/Mac directory. Another good FTP site is ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) in the pub/mac/system/KanjiTalk and pub/mac/tools/editor directories. Also, look at the FTP site ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS directory. 8.6: AMIGA ANS (Amiga Nihongo System) version 1.0, produced by SoftHouse Tecnode (102 Coupo Izumi, 1-4-5 Houya-shi, Izumi-machi, Tokyo 202 JAPAN), and distributed in Japan by MIQ Japan, Ltd., has been released in Japan. It offers a Japanese envirnoment for Commodore Amiga users, is compatible with Amiga DOS 2.0 (works fine with version 1.3, too), and requires at least 1MB RAM (more recommended). ANS features Japanese windows/menus (these replace the English menus), 12 and 24 dot-matrix Japanese fonts, Jinput/Joutput (both constitute a Japanese front-end processor), XEDmini (a simple Japanese text editor with built-in font editor, and can be used as a Japanese terminal), a kana-to-kanji conversion dictionary for XEDmini and Jinput, Jfilter (for viewing Japanese files while connected to an MS-DOS console), and utilities for Japanese code conversion and communication. Note that XEDmini uses pcj (Japanese version of pcd) for communications, and that one can do binary uploads/downloads while working on files). I hear that it is reasonably priced, and very easy to use. I was also told that the next release of ANS will be the Spring of 1992. JemTeX is a preprocessor that turns a Japanese text file (i.e., a TeX file with Japanese text) into a standard (La/Mu)TeX file. The archive (zipped) comes with the jis2mf utility along with a 24-dot bitmapped kanji font and a program for generating kanji tables. With jis2mf you can make metafont files out of the bitmapped font. JemTeX v2.0 will compile on an Amiga using Lattice C, or on a UNIX machine using gcc. This program is available at the FTP site utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11). JemTeX v2.0 was written by Francois Jalbert (jalbert@iro.umontreal.ca or jalbert@cs.ubc.ca). 8.7: DEDICATED JAPANESE WORD PROCESSORS Many dedicated Japanese word processors are available with built-in modems, built-in communication software, or both. Thus, they can be an inexpensive solution for a Japanese terminal. I once used an NEC 文豪ミニ7H (BUNGOU mini7H) with a built-in 1200 baud modem and communication software. I was able to send and receive Japanese text only in NEC-JIS code, but by using my Japanese code conversion program described in PART 5.1, I was able to convert incoming codes and convert outgoing codes to New-JIS (this was done on the mainframe computer to which it was connected). Other newer dedicated Japanese word processors can handle New- JIS and other codes. Some of these machines can be purchased for as little as $500, but only in Japan. Be aware that these machines are not computers, have limited memory capacity, and cannot be serviced in the US. If you use a computer solely as a word processor, then one of these machines may be an inexpensive alternative. Here are a few common features found in the most popular dedicated Japanese word processors: communication software/modem (sometimes optional or built-in), MS-DOS file conversion capability, vertical printing capability, built-in high-resolution thermal printer (400 dpi!), 3.5" floppy disk drive (s), outline Japanese fonts, and backlit LCD screen. Some models even have features that rival the best computer-based word processors. I have decided not to report on the current state-of-the-art of dedicated Japanese word processors in JAPAN.INF. Instead, I will recommend to those that have interest in such machines to obtain the most current edition of SAISHIN WAAPURO DAI-HYAKKA (最新ワープロ大百科) published by JITSUGYOU-NO NIHONSHA (実 業之日本社). It also includes articles with information that is of concern to people not necessarily interested in such machines. This publication comes out four times per year, and can be purchased/ordered through Kinokuniya bookstores in the US (see BIBLIOGRAPHY for phone numbers). The current cost is 1,600 Yen (Kinokuniya will probably charge approximately $20.00) per issue. 8.8: POSTSCRIPT HANDLING OF JAPANESE For those of you who are interested in how Adobe Systems' PostScript page-description language handles Japanese text, there are several books I recommend reading, all of which are listed in the BIBLIOGRAPHY. Adobe Systems currently has five books available in the English language: PostScript Language Reference Manual, 2nd edition (Red Book) PostScript Language Tutorial and Cookbook (Blue Book) PostScript Language Program Design (Green Book) Adobe Type 1 Font Format (Black Book) Programming the Display PostScript System with NeXTstep (Purple Book) The first three books have been translated into Japanese, and are published by ASCII Corporation in Japan. The Japanese edition of the Blue Book contains an extra 30 or so pages which describe how Japanese text is handled in PostScript, and gives many programming examples. I recommend this book to anyone with an interest in how Japanese is handled in PostScript. Here is some additional information for those who are interested in the PostScript page-description language. There exists an organization called the Adobe Developer's Association. Its annual membership fee is $195.00, and benefits include Free technical documentation Access to the Developer Support phone line Discounts on Adobe Systems' application products (50%) Discounts of 40-60% off on hardware offered by participating OEMs (OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer) Mailings to include new developer tools and other resources Access to marketing materials to assist you in showcasing your products Automatic receipt of the PostScript Products Catalog, Technical Resources Catalog, and updates Monthly mailings, including press announcements, product releases, subjects of interest, etc. There is also an Adobe Connects Mailing List. When one joins (no charge to join), the following items will be mailed out: Technical Resources Catalog and request form (semi-annually) Press Releases Adobe Connects newsletter PostScript Products Catalog Also available is a PostScript Language Software Developer's Kit (SDK). This kit costs $500 to non-members of the Adobe Developer's Association, and $250 to members. This is what's included: PostScript Language Reference Manual, 2nd edition (English) Adobe Type 1 Font Format PostScript Language Tutorial & Cookbook (English) PostScript Language Program Design (English) Three Technical Reference Binders: Specifications Programming Techniques Supplemental Documentation Adobe Type Manager software for Windows Adobe Type Manager software for the Macintosh Adobe Garamond Font Packages for the Macintosh and IBM PC Adobe Garamond Expert Font Packages for the Macintosh and IBM PC Adobe Type Reunion software for the Macintosh Macintosh and IBM PC diskettes containing: AFM Parser and Files Kanji AFM files PPD Parser and Files Multiple disks filled with code samples Collateral and datasheets Finally, Adobe Systems has a file server from which anyone can request a number of files. Such files include documents (PostScript files), program sources, Adobe Font Metrics (AFM) files, PostScript Printer Description (PPD) files, etc. To access the file server, send an email message to ps-file-server@adobe.com and include the word "help" in either the Subject field or the message body. Information on how to use the file server will then be sent to you. If you have any problems contacting the server, or if you have any suggestions, please send email to ps-file-person@adobe.com For more information on the PostScript page-description language, or to join the Adobe Connects Mailing List or the Adobe Developer's Association, please contact the Adobe Developer's Association at 415-961-4111. PART 9: ON-LINE JAPANESE DICTIONARIES There are two types of dictionaries which I will describe here: those which run under the Macintosh environment, and those which run under the MS- DOS environment. Of course, all these dictionaries will deal with Japanese. 9.1: MACINTOSH-BASED DICTIONARIES Macintosh-based dictionaries come in three formats: applications, desk accessories, and CD-ROM. I will describe each in turn. For those who are looking for application-based dictionaries, I suggest software called KanjiSama. This program is a kanji reference tool covering the 2,965 kanji from JIS Level 1, and includes two dictionaries (general and technical) containing kanji compounds. KanjiSama costs $149 plus shipping. For more information, please contact Sanbi Software by phone at 714-352-0276 (this number is also a FAX), or by mail at Sanbi Software, 3594 Crowell Avenue, Riverside, CA 92504 USA. The rSTONE (from Rosetta Stone) series DA-based dictionaries, produced by A. I. Technology Corporation, are also excellent references. Japanese-English (called rSTONE.JE) and English-Japanese (called rSTONE) versions are available, as is a kanji code dictionary (called rSTONE.KC). These dictionaries cost $299 each through Qualitas Trading Company (see SOURCES under PART 8.5). I personally use all three, and find them extremely useful, especially rSTONE.KC. There exist a wide variety of CD-ROM-based dictionaries, and a select few are accessible through Macintosh software. These dictionaries are designed for use with Sony's Electronic Book (電子ブック), but some very creative individuals have found a way to access them through a Macintosh. Here are the dictionaries, all of which are available on 8cm CD-ROM: Koujien (広辞苑) 7725 Yen Kenkyusha's J-E/E-J Dictionary (研究社新英和・和英中辞典) 6200 Yen Gendai Yougo-no Kiso Chishiki (現代用語の基礎知識) 3914 Yen These CD-ROM dictionaries can be ordered through any Kinokuniya bookstore in the United States (see BIBLIOGRAPHY for Kinokuniya Bookstore locations and phone numbers). The first program which can perform this task is VJE InLINE 2.3C written by Nobuhiro Miyatake (miyatake@apple.com), and can access all three dictionaries. Note, however, that there is no GAIJI support, and that the E-J portion of the Kenkyusha dictionary cannot be accessed. This program is FreeWare, and is a Control Panel Device (CDEV). I can send this program upon request. This program is FreeWare, and can be found at the FTP site ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) in the pub/mac/system/KanjiTalk directory. The other two programs are HyperCard stacks. There is one which can access the Kojien CD-ROM, and another which can access Kenkyusha's J-E/E-J Dictionary. Both are written by Totsu Sasakibara. I can send one or both of these programs upon request. 9.2: MS-DOS-BASED DICTIONARIES The only Japanese dictionary software I know of which runs under the MS- DOS environment is made by Professor Jim Breen (jwb@monu6.cc.monash.edu.au). He has coordinated EDICTJ (a Public Domain Japanese-English dictionary file), and has created two useful programs called JDIC and JREADER. These three files can be obtained at the FTP site monu6.cc.monash.edu.au (130.194.1.106), and the following is a description of each. JDIC (English-Japanese Dictionary Display) provides a English-Japanese (kana & kanji) display of selected entries of a dictionary file. While it will work (more or less) with any text file containing a mix of Japanese and English words, it has been designed specifically to operate on a dictionary in the "EDICT" format used by the MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor -- see PART 8.4) Japanese text editor. Its operating environment has been designed to be similar to MOKE's, and it uses the same environment variables and control file as MOKE. This program is distributed as a "zoo" archive (jdic15.zoo). JREADER (Japanese Text Reader with Online Dictionary Search) provides a capability to display a text file containing Japanese characters (kana & kanji) with the option of looking up displayed words in a Japanese-English dictionary file. It can now look up the yomikata of kanji compounds in MOKE's kanji->kana files. The Japanese characters can either be in the Shift-JIS, EUC, New-JIS, or Old-JIS codes. Although JREADER is intended to help non- Japanese read Japanese language text files, it can also be used by Japanese to read English text. Its usefulness in this role is limited by the dictionary, which is more oriented to the Japanese-English mode, and the fact that the dictionary search cannot cope with things like English's "strong" verbs (swim/ swam/swum, be/am/are, go/went, etc.). JREADER is an extension of the author's JDIC (Japanese-English Dictionary Display) program, which has been designed specifically to operate on a dictionary in the "EDICT" format used by the MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) Japanese text editor. As with JDIC, JREADER's operating environment has been designed to be similar to MOKE's, and it uses the same environment variables and control file as MOKE. This program is distributed in a "zoo" archive (jdicnn.zoo), and is at version 1.1. EDICTJ (Public Domain Japanese-English Dictionary file) is an attempt to produce a public domain Japanese-English Dictionary in machine-readable form. It was intended initially for use with MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) and related software such as JDIC, however it has the potential to be used in a large number of packages. At present it is in the "public domain", however consideration is being given to placing it under Gnu or Copyleft protection, mainly to prevent the work of its many contributors being exploited by commercial software developers. EDICTJ is in the "EDICT" format used by MOKE. It uses EUC coding for kana and kanji, however this can be converted to JIS or Shift-JIS by any of the several conversion programs around. It is a text file with one entry per line. The format of entries is: KANJI [KANA] /english_1/english_2/.../ or KANA /english_1/.../ EDICTJ consists of: (a) the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0; (b) additions by Jim Breen; and (c) additions by others. At over 18,500 entries, EDICTJ is approaching the size of a good commercial dictionary, which typically has 20,000+ entries with examples, etc. It is, however, bigger than some of the smaller dictionaries, and when used in conjunction with a search- and-display program like JDIC it provides an effective on-line dictionary service. A FINAL NOTE I hope that the information presented here will prove useful. I would like to keep the electronic version of this document as up-to-date as possible, and through readers' input, I am able to do so. Most readers should notice that I am very heavy into the Macintosh. If anyone has information on Japanese interfaces for UNIX, VMS, or any other machine, please feel free to send me the information, and I will be sure to include it in the next version of JAPAN.INF. Your name, of course, will be mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section. Please include sources for the software/documentation by giving addresses, phone numbers, FTP sites (with their IP numbers!), etc. Please do not hesitate to ask me further question concerning any subject presented in this text. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest thanks to Kazumasa Utashiro of Software Research Associates (SRA) for being my teacher (先生) approximately 3 years ago. He taught to me how to send and receive Japanese text using the 7- bit codes. With his help I was able to write this document in order to inform others about what he has taught me plus more. To him goes my deepest gratitude. I would also like to express special thanks to Hisao Nojima for introducing me to the JUNET News mailing list. I read the Japanese articles every day, and have gained much from them. I also wish to thank the countless individuals at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who offered both moral and financial support in my various endeavors there which have led me to my present position at Adobe Systems Incorporated. They include Edward Daub (my son's namesake), R. Byron Bird, James Davis, Stephen Anderson, Naomi McGloin, Akira Miura, Donald Becker, John Street, Charles Read, Andrew Sihler, Arthur Chen, and Paul Stevens. I would also like to thank the countless people who carefully read through previous versions of this document in electronic form and offered numerous suggestions on how to improve it. I would personally like to thank Eric Bowles, Jim Breen, Shmuel Browns, Rainer Daeschler, Mark Edwards, Lawrence Garfield, Ron Granich, Michael Henning, Masato Hirose, Ron Hofmann, Masamichi Honda, Jamie Hubbard, Minoru Huttunen, Peter Lind, Jim Loomis, Toshiyuki Masui, Jason Molenda, Katsuhiko Momoi, Koichi Mori, Theodore Morris, Haruhiko Nishida, Seiichi Nomura, Izumi Ohzawa, Yukihiko Okada, Stephen Palm, Tad Perry, Albert Saisho, Frank Sheeran, Tomonori Shirakawa, Tatsuya Shoji, Hideo Tomita, Craig Van Degrift, Erik M. van der Poel, and Richard Walters just to name a few. If I missed anyone, please let me know. I continue to receive numerous requests for this document from all reaches of the world... BIBLIOGRAPHY The following publications are very useful references for anyone who is interested in coding methods for Japanese text. Many of the references are in Japanese, so you should have reading ability in order for them to be useful. JIS X 0212-1990 and Kazuo Tajima's book are excellent references for the additional 5,801 kanji standardized in 1990 (Kazuo Tajima was the chairman of the JIS X 0208-1990 and JIS X 0212-1990 committees). The Japanese publications may be difficult to obtain outside of Japan. I suggest ordering these references through any Kinokuniya bookstore in the US. Here are the addresses, phone and facsimile numbers for Kinokuniya Bookstore locations in the US: NEW JERSEY: Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. 595 River Road Edgewater, NJ 07020 Phone: 201-941-7580; FAX: 201-941-6087 NEW YORK: Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. 10 West 49th Street New York, N.Y. 10020 Phone: 212-765-1461; FAX: 212-541-9335 WASHINGTON: Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. 519 Sixth Avenue South Seattle, WA 98104 Phone: 206-587-2477; FAX: 206-587-0160 CALIFORNIA: Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. Japan Center 1581 Webster Street San Francisco, CA 94115-9948 Phone: 415-567-7625/6; FAX: 415-567-4109 Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. Yaohan Supermarket 675 Saratoga Ave San Jose, CA 95129 Phone: 408-252-1300; FAX: 408-252-2687 Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. 665 Paularino Ave. Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Phone: 714-434-9986; FAX: 714-434-6861 Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. Fashion Island Atrium Court, Suite 315 401 Newport Center Dr. Newport Beach, CA 92660 Phone: 714-640-1505; FAX: 714-640-7545 Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. 2141 W. 182nd St. Torrance, CA 90504 Phone: 213-327-6577; FAX: 213-327-4395 Kinokuniya Bookstores of America, Co., Ltd. 123 Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka St., Suite 205 Los Angeles, CA 90012 Phone: 213-687-4480/1; FAX: 213-621-4456 Note that I have included two lists. One is English/romanized, and the other is Japanese. The content of both lists is identical except for my paper, the book on Unicode, and Clews' book. [NOTE: JIS = Japanese Industrial Standards] English/Romanized/Translated: Adobe Systems Incorporated. 1989. PostScript Language Tutorial and Cookbook. ASCII Corporation. 3,090 Yen. Adobe Systems Incorporated. 1990. PostScript Language Program Design. ASCII Corporation. 3,090 Yen. Adobe Systems Incorporated. 1991. PostScript Language Reference Manual. 2nd edition. ASCII Corporation. 9,800 Yen. Apple Computer Japan. 1990. Macintosh KanjiTalk Technical Reference. Gijutsu Hyouron-sha. 2,800 Yen. Clews, John. 1988. Language Automation Worldwide: The Development of Character Set Standards. Sesame Computer Projects. Frey, Donnalyn & Adams, Rick. 1990. !%@:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing & Networks. 2nd edition. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. $27.95. Furuse, Yukihiro. 1991. NETTOWAAKU TSUUSHIN KATSUYOU BUKKU. Jistugyou-no Nihonsha. 1,500 Yen. Furuse, Yukihiro. 1991. SAISHIN WAAPURO YOUGO JITEN. Jistugyou-no Nihonsha. 1,500 Yen. Huang, Jack & Huang, Timothy. 1989. An Introduction to Chinese, Japanese and Korean Computing. World Scientific Computing. Izumi, Hitoshi. 1988. WAAPURO YOUGO ZUSETSU JITEN. Sankaido. 1,500 Yen. JIS. 1984. JIS X 0202-1984 Code Extension Techniques for Use with the Code for Information Interchange. 1,600 Yen. JIS. 1989. JIS X 0201-1989 Code for Information Interchange. 700 Yen. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0208-1990 Code of the Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange. 3,090 Yen. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0212-1990 Code of the Supplementary Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange. 3,296 Yen. Lunde, Ken R. 1990. Using Electronic Mail as a Medium for Foreign Language Study and Instruction. March 1990 issue of CALICO Journal (pp. 68-78). Mori, Hirotake. 1986. PASOKON TSUUSHIN GAIDO BUKKU. HBJ Publishing. 1,236 Yen. SAISHIN WAAPURO DAI-HYAKKA. Jistugyou-no Nihonsha. 1,600 Yen. Tajima, Kazuo. 1990. SAISHIN JIS KANJI JITEN. Kodansha. 2,300 Yen. Uegaki, Tsutomu. 1987. PASOKON WAAPURO KANJI JITEN. Natsumesha. 1,860 Yen. Unicode Consortium, The. 1991. The Unicode Standard: Worldwide Character Encoding. Version 1.0, Volume 1. Addison-Wesley. $32.95. 1987. JOUYOU KANJI HYOU. Ookurashou Insatsu-kyoku. 450 Yen. Japanese: アップルコンピュータジャパン. 1990. 『Macintosh漢字Talkテクニカル・リファ レンス』. 技術評論社. 2800円. アドビ・システムズ・インコーポレイテッド. 1989. 『PostScriptチュートリアル& クックブック』. アスキー出版局. 3090円. アドビ・システムズ・インコーポレイテッド. 1990. 『PostScriptプログラム・デザ イン』. アスキー出版局. 3090円. アドビ・システムズ・インコーポレイテッド. 1991. 『PostScriptリファレンス・マ ニュアル』. アスキー出版局. 9800円. 古瀬 幸広. 1991. 『ネットワーク通信活用ブック』. 実業之日本社. 1500円. 古瀬 幸広. 1991. 『最新ワープロ用語辞典』. 実業之日本社. 1500円. 泉 均. 1988. 『ワープロ用語図説辞典』. 山海堂. 1500円. JIS. 1989. JIS X 0201-1989 『情報交換用符号』. 700円. JIS. 1984. JIS X 0202-1984 『情報交換用符号の拡張法』. 1600円. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0208-1990 『情報交換用漢字符号』. 3090円. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0212-1990 『情報交換用漢字符号―補助漢字』. 3296円. 森 浩孝. 1986. 『パソコン通信ガイドブック』. HBJ Publishing. 1236円. 田嶋 一夫. 1990. 『最新JIS漢字辞典』. 講談社社. 2300円. 上柿 力. 1987. 『パソコンワープロ漢字辞典』. ナツメ社. 1860円. 『最新ワープロ大百科』. 実業之日本社. 1600円. 1987. 『常用漢字表』. 大蔵省印刷局. 450円. APPENDIX 1: BITNET NODES IN JAPAN NODE-ID routing name of site Network-soft * ===================================================================== JPN JPNSUT00 Japan BITNET Association (JaPan N,JP RSCS JPNAC GWUVM Nat Ctr for Sci Info Systems ,JP UREP 90/04/27 JPNAIST JPNTSUKU Agency Of Industrial Sci & Tech C,JP JES2 90/04/27 JPNAIT01 JPNNUCBA Aichi Institute of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNARUTO JPNNME Naruto Univ of Education ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNCCKU JPNKISCT Kyushu Univ ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNCGU JPNSUT30 Chuo-Gakuin University - Computer,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNCUN10 JPNNUCBA Nanzan Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNDENTU JPNSNU10 Osaka Electro-Comm Univ ,JP NETDA 90/06/25 JPNDOKYO JPNWAS00 Dokkyo Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNGUCC JPNRKY00 Gakushuin Univ. ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNHIROA JPNKISCT Hiroshima Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNHUIS JPNHIROA Hiroshima Univ Grad Schl of Info ,JP UREP 90/04/27 JPNICEPP JPNWAS00 Univ of Tokyo ICEPP ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNISAS0 JPNTAMA0 Inst of Space & Astronautical Sci,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNISM01 JPNSUT00 Inst of Stat Math Stat Data Anal ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNISSP JPNWAS00 Univ of Tokyo/Inst for Solid St P,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNIUJ01 JPNSWU10 Intl Univ of Japan Niigata ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNJAERI JPNWAS00 Japan Atomic Energy Res Ins ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKBUDS JPNOIT10 Dept of Systems Eng ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKEIO JPNISSP Keio Univ ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNKEKTR JPNKEKVM KEK TRISTAN ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNKEKVM JPNSUT00 Kou Enerugi Ken, Tsukuba Japan ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKEKVX JPNKEKVM KEK Network ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNKGU01 JPNCUN10 Kinjo Gakuin Univ ,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNKISCI JPNKISCT Kyushu Institute of Tech - Iizuka,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKISCM JPNKISCI Kyushu Inst of Tech MVS ,JP JES2 90/04/27 JPNKISCT JPNSUT50 Kyushu Institute of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKIT JPNSUT00 Kanazawa Inst. of Tech. ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKNSU JPNOIT20 Kansai Univ ,JP NJE 90/07/20 JPNKNU10 JPNKISCI Kinki Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKNZW1 JPNKIT Kanazawa Univ Info Proc Ctr ,JP NJE 90/07/20 JPNKSUVX JPNRINS Kyoto Sangyo University - Faculty,JP JNET 90/06/25 JPNKUDPC JPNKYOTO Kyoto Univ - Data Proc. Ctr. ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNKUHEL JPNKEKTR Kyoto U HEPL ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNKYOTO JPNOIT10 Kyoto Univ Dept Info Sci ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNMU11 JPNISSP Meiji Univ ,JP JES2 90/04/24 JPNMU21 JPNMU11 Meiji Univ ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNNIHOC JPNWAS00 Nihon U Col of Commerce ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNNME JPNSNU10 Natl Museum of Ethol ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNNUCBA JPNSUT01 Nagoya Univ of Commerce ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNNUHEP JPNKEKTR Nagoya U HEPL ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNOCHA1 JPNSWU10 Ochanomizu Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNOIT10 JPNSUT00 Osaka Inst of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNOIT20 JPNOIT10 Osaka Inst of Tech ,JP NJE 90/06/25 JPNONRI JPNNUCBA Okazaki Nat'l Res Insti ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNORIUT JPNORIXA Ocean Rsrch Inst ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNORIXA JPNSUT00 Ocean Rsrch Inst ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNOSAKA JPNOIT10 Osaka Univ Ed Ctr ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNOSKFM JPNKEKTR Osaka U HEPL ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNOUCC JPNHIROA OKAYAMA Univ Comp Ctr ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNOUC01 JPNOIT10 OSAKA Univ OF COMMERCE ,JP RSCSV 90/04/27 JPNPNCT1 JPNJAERI PNC Tokai Waste Tech Dev Div GIS ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNRIFP JPNKYOTO Kyoto Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNRINS JPNRIFP Ryukoku Univ RINS Comp Ctr ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNRKNCC JPNRKY00 Inst of Phys & Chem Rsrch Comp Ct,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNRKY00 JPNWAS00 Rikkyo Univ ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNSENDI JPNTOHOK Sendai Jr Coll of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSNU10 JPNOIT10 Setsunan Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSNU20 JPNSNU10 Setsunan Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSOKA JPNSUT00 Soka Univ ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNSUT00 CUNYVMV2 Science U of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/05/29 JPNSUT01 JPNSUT00 Science Univ of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT10 JPNSUT00 Science U Tokyo - Japan ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT20 JPNSUT10 Science U Tokyo - Japan Kagurazak,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT3A JPNSUT30 Science U Tokyo - Japan, Noda ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT30 JPNSUT00 Science U Tokyo - Japan, Noda ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT31 JPNSUT30 Science U of Tokyo Noda ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNSUT40 JPNSUT00 Science U of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/05/29 JPNSUT50 JPNSUT00 Scienc U Tokyo Y J Coll ,JP RSCS 90/05/29 JPNSUT60 JPNSUT00 Science University of Tokyo Suwa ,JP RSCS JPNSWU10 JPNSUT01 Showa Women's Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTAMA0 JPNWAS00 Tamagawa Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTDUK JPNRKY00 Tokyo Denki Univ Kanda ,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNTDUS JPNTDUK Tokyo Denki Univ Hatoyama ,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNTHKVX JPNTOHOK Tohoku Univ ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNTIU01 JPNWAS00 Tokyo Intern'tl Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTKUVM JPNSUT00 Tokyo Keizai U ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTOHOK JPNSUT00 Tohoku Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTOP JPNTYAVM Toyama Prefectual University - Co,JP NJE 90/07/19 JPNTSCVM JPNSUT01 IBM Tokyo Research ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTSUKU JPNKEKVM Univ of Tsukuba - SIPC ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTSUK1 JPNTSUKU U of Tsukuba - Sci Info Proc. Ctr,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNTSUK2 JPNTSUKU U of Tsukuba - SIPC ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTYAVM JPNKIT Toyama Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNUMIN JPNUTHOS U of Tokyo Hospitalumin ,JP UREP 90/04/24 JPNUNU00 JPNUTHOS United Nations Univ Comp Svcs ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNUOEH JPNKISCT Univ of Occ & Envir Health ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNUTDME JPNSUT00 Univ of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNUTHOS JPNUTDME Univ of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNUTINS JPNKEKTR Univ of Tokyo - INS ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNUTKOM JPNWAS00 Univ of Tokyo Coll of Arts & Sci ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNWAS00 JPNSUT00 Waseda Univ ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 * Network-soft gives you a hint about the machine-type. Non-IBM computers need different software to behave IBM-like in BITNET UREP = UNIX JNET = VAX/VMS JES2 = MVS from IBM (don't try to talk online with users there. The machine is a batch-specialist and can't talk to anybody outside) RSCS = VM from IBM NJE & NETDA = I hope sombody can tell me!!! APPENDIX 2: JUNET DOMAINS JP domains: ntt Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp. nttdata NTT Data Communications Systems Corp. AD domains: genome Genome Research Net jain Japan Academic Inter-University Network juice JUICE Network junet JUNET Network sinet Science Information Network tisn Todai Int'l. Science Network wide WIDE Internet AC domains: aichi-med-u Aichi Medical Univ. aitech Aichi Inst. of Technology akashi Akashi College of Technology akita-u Akita Univ. aoyama Aoyama Gakuin Univ. ashitech Ashikaga Inst. of Technology chiba-u Chiba Univ. chubu Chubu Univ. chukyo-u Chukyo Univ. chuo-u Chuo Univ. ciea Central Inst. of Exp. Animal Pre-Clinical Lab. dendai Tokyo Denki Univ. ehime-u Ehime Univ. esumi-th East Sumiyoshi Technical High School fit Fukuoka Inst. of Technology fukui-u Fukui Univ. fukuoka-edu Fukuoka Univ. of Education fukuoka-u Fukuoka Univ. gifu-u Gifu Univ. gunma-u Gunma Univ. hamamatsu-med Hamamatsu Univ. School of Medicine hamamatsu-pc Hamamatsu Polytechnic College himeji-du Himeji Dokkyo Univ. himeji-tech Himeji Inst. of Technology hiroshima-u Hiroshima Univ. hit-u Hitotsubashi Univ. hokudai Hokkaido Univ. hosei Hosei Univ. ibaraki Ibaraki Univ. ims Inst. for Molecular Science isas Inst. of Space and Astronautical Science ism The Inst. of Statistical Mathematics it-chiba Chiba Inst. of Technology it-hiroshima Hiroshima Inst. of Technology iwakimu Iwaki-meisei Univ. kanagawa-it Kanagawa Inst. of Technology kanagawa-u Kanagawa Univ. kanazawa-it Kanazawa Inst. of Technology kanazawa-u Kanazawa Univ. kansai-u Kansai Univ. kawai-juku Kawai Educational Institution keio Keio Univ. kek Nat'l. Lab. for High Energy Physics kindai Kinki Univ. kit Kyoto Inst. of Technology knct Kumamoto Nat'l. College of Technology kobe-kosen Kobe City College of Technology kobe-u Kobe Univ. kobeuc Kobe Univ. of Commerce kochi-u Kochi Univ. kogakuin Kogakuin Univ. konan-u Konan Univ. kouku-k Tokyo Metropolitan College of Aeronautical Engr. kshosen Kobe Shosen Univ. kumamoto-u Kumamoto Univ. kurume-it Kurume Inst. of Technology kushiro-ct Kushiro Nat'l. College of Technology kwansei Kwansei Gakuin Univ. kyoto-su Kyoto Sangyo Univ. kyoto-u Kyoto Univ. kyusan-u Kyushu Sangyou Univ. kyushu-id Kyushu Inst. of Design kyushu-u Kyushu Univ. kyutech Kyushu Inst. of Technology meiji Meiji Univ. mie-u Mie Univ. minpaku Nat'l. Museum of Ethnology miyazaki-u Miyazaki Univ. muroran-it Muroran Inst. of Technology musabi Musashino Univ. of Arts nacsis Nat'l. Center for Science Information System nagano Nagano Univ. nagano-nct Nagano Nat'l. College of Technology nagaoka-coltech Nagaoka College of Technology nagaokaut Nagaoka Univ. of Technology nagasaki-u Nagasaki Univ. nagoya-u Nagoya Univ. nanzan-u Nanzan Univ. nao Nat'l. Astronomical Observatory nara-k Nara Nat'l. College of Technology nara-wu Nara Women's Univ. nig Nat'l. Inst. of Genetics nihon-u Nihon Univ. niigata-u Niigata Univ. nijl Nat'l. Inst. of Japanese Literature nitech Nagoya Inst. of Technology oita-u Oita Univ. okaridai Okayama Univ. of Science okayama-u Okayama Univ. osaka-cu Osaka City Univ. osaka-kyoiku Osaka Kyoiku Daigaku osaka-med Osaka Medical College osaka-tech Osaka Inst. of Technology osaka-u Osaka Univ. osakac Osaka Electro-Communication Univ. osakafu-u Univ. of Osaka Prefecture otaru-uc Otaru Univ. of Commerce pu-toyama Toyama Prefectural Univ. rikkyo Rikkyo Univ. ritsumei Ritsumeikan Univ. ryukoku Ryukoku Univ. saga-u Saga Univ. saitama-u Saitama Univ. sanno SANNO College sapmed Sapporo Medical College sasebo Sasebo College of Technology seikei Seikei Univ. seinan-gu Seina Gakuin Univ. sendai-ct Sendai Nat'l. College of Technology senshu-u Senshu Univ. sheart Univ. of the Sacred Heart shiga-u Shiga Univ. shinshu-u Shinshu Univ. shizuoka Shizuoka Univ. shudo-u Hiroshima Shudo Univ. sophia Sophia Univ. sut Science Univ. of Tokyo t-gitan Toyama Prefectural College of Technology takuma-ct Takuma Nat'l College of Technology takushoku-u Takushoku Univ. teu Tokyo Engr. Univ. titech Tokyo Inst. of Technology tiu Tokyo Int'l Univ. to-shinkeiken Tokyo Shinkei Research Inst. tohoku Tohoku Univ. tohoku-gakuin Tohoku Gakuin Univ. tohtech Tohoku Institute of Technology tokushima-u Tokushima Univ. tokuyama Tokuyama Nat'l. College of Technology tokyo-ct Tokyo Nat'l College of Technology tokyo-mptech Tokyo College of Medico-pharmaco Technology tosho-u Tokyo Shosen Univ. toyama-pc Toyama Polytechnic College toyo Toyo Univ. toyota-ti Toyota Technological Inst. tsuda Tsuda College tsukuba Univ. of Tsukuba tsuruoka-nct Tsuruoka Nat'l College of Technology tuat Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology tut Toyohashi Univ. of Technology u-gakugei Tokyo Gakugei Univ. u-ryukyu University of Ryukyus u-shizuoka-ken Univ. of Shizuoka u-tokai Univ. of Tokai u-tokyo The Univ. of Tokyo uec The Univ. of Electro-Communications uitec Univ. of Ind. Technology ulis Univ. of Library and Information Science utsunomiya-u Utsunomiya Univ. wakayama-th Wakayama Prefectural Ind. High School wakayama-u Wakayama Univ. waseda Waseda Univ. yamagata-u Yamagata Univ. yamaguti-u Yamaguchi Univ. yamanashi Yamanashi Univ. ynu Yokohama Nat'l. Univ. yonago-k Yonago Nat'l College of Technology GO domains: aerospace-lab Nat'l Aerospace Laboratory bosai Nat'l Research Inst. for Earth Science and Disaster crl Communications Research Lab. etl Electrotechnical Lab. fukui-kg Ind. Technology Center of Fukui Prefecture fukushima-iri Fukushima Industrial Research Inst. girin Gov't Industrial Research Inst. Nagoya gsj Geological Survey of Japan idlabh Ind. Development Lab. Hokkaido ipa Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan iphlth The Inst. of Public Health ipri Ind. Products Research Inst. jaeri Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst. jnoc Japan Nat'l. Oil Corp., Technology Research Center jrdc Research Development Corp. of Japan jwa Japan Weather Association kagoshima-it Kagoshima Prefectual Inst. of Industrial Technology kiri Mech. and Elect. Research Inst. kmt-iri Kumamoto Ind. Research Inst. mel Mechanical Engr. Lab. nagasaki Nagasaki Prefectural Government nasda Nat'l. Space Development Agency of Japan ncl Nat'l. Chemical Lab. for Ind., AIST, MITI ncvc Nat'l. Cardiovascular Center Research Inst. nihs Nat'l Inst. of Hygienic Science nrips Nat'l Research Inst. of Police Science okakogi Okayama Prefecture Technical Center prit Tokyo Psychiatric Research Inst. riken Inst. of Physical and Chemical Research statci Kagaku Gijutsu Chou Kenkyuu Kouryuu Center tikusi Nat'l. Inst. of Animal Ind. wakayama Wakayama Kenchou ysc Yokohama Science Popularizing Association for Youth OR domains: aegis The Aegis Society astem Astem Research Inst. chemnet CHEMNET Japan denken Central Research Inst. of Electric Power Ind. friend21 Friend 21 Research Center fuzzy Lab. for Int'l. Fuzzy Engr. Research genesys-p Steering Committee of Genesys-P hats Promotion Conference of Harmonization of Advanced Telecommunication icot Inst. for New Generation Computer Technology ijaic ICOT-JIPDEC AI Center imt-shizuoka Inst. of Mechatronic Technology Foundation jafsa Ship and Ocean Foundation jeida Japan Electronic Industry Development Association jipdec Japan Information Processing Development Center juice JUICE Network (not JUNET) jus Japan UNIX Society kaba Kyoto Artificial Brain Associates kmt-technopolis Kumamoto Technopolis Foundation nexus NeXT User Society nhk Japan Broadcasting Corporation peccom Sekiyu Sangyou Kasseika Center prug Packet Radio User's Group rerf Radiation Effects Research Foundation rinshoken Tokyo Clinical Sciences Research Inst. rtri Railway Tech. Research Inst. sea Software Engineers Association senri-i Senri Int'l. Information Ind. snet SNET shijokyo Association of Computer Education for Private Universities in Japan stanford-jc Stanford Japan Center tiny Tsukuba Internet Club CO domains: abc-kk ABC Corp. access Access Co., Ltd. adac Advanced Data Controls, Corp. aic Advanced Intelligent Communication System Lab. aichi-steel Aichi Steel Works, Ltd. air AI Language Research Inst., Ltd. airco AIR Co., Ltd. aisoft AI Soft, Inc. allied-telesis Allied Telesis, Inc. allumer Allumer aml Advanced Materials Lab., Inc. analog Analog Devices Corp. ando-es Ando Electric Engr. Service Co., Ltd. anritsu Anritsu Corp. aplix Aplix Corp. apollo-j Apollo Computer Japan apptec Applied Technology Co., Ltd. apple-opstech Apple Operations and Technologies Japan arc-s Architectural Systems Inc. artstech Arts Tech Inc. asahi Asahi Broadcasting asahi-eng Asahi Engr. asahi-kasei Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. asahi-np The Asahi Shimbun Publishing Co., Ltd. asahi-techno Asahi Techno-Computer Corp. asatsu Asatsu, Inc. ascii ASCII Corp. asi Advanced Solutions Inc. asics ASICS asp ASP Corp. asr ASR Corp. astec Astec, Inc. atr Advanced Telecomm. Research Inst. Int'l. att AT&T Unix Pacific Co., Ltd. attjens AT&T Jens Corp. attsoftj AT&T Software Japan, Ltd. axis AXIS Corp. bootsystems Boot Systems Japan Corp. bridge Bridge Inc. brother Brother Ind. Co., Ltd. bug BUG Inc. bussan-advsys Bussan Advanced Systems Corp. c-creators Computer Creators, Inc. cac Computer Applications Co., Ltd. canon Canon Inc. canon-soft Canon Software Corp. canopus Canopus Electric Co., Ltd. casio Casio cat System House CAT cec Chuo Electric Co., Ltd. chuo-computer Chuo Computer Co.,Ltd. cij Computer Inst. of Japan, Ltd. citizen Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. citoh C. Itoh & Co., Ltd. clipper Systems Clipper Inc. comm-net Communication Net Corp. convex-j Comvex Computer Ltd. cray Cray Research Japan Ltd. crc CRC Research Inst., Inc. creo-rd Creo R & D Co., Ltd. crosscat Cross Cat Corp. csk CSK Corp. daikin Daikin Ind. Co. datacontrol Data Control Ltd. db-soft dB-SOFT, Inc. dcl Yokogawa Digital Computer Corp. dec-j Digital Equipment Corp. Japan densan Densan Corp. diaconsult Dia Consultants Co., Ltd. digital Digital dit Dit Co., Ltd. dnp Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. edr Japan Electronic Dictionary Research Inst., Ltd. epson Seiko Epson eric Eric foretune Foretune Co., Ltd fuji-ric Fuji Research Institute Corp. fujidenki Fuji Electric Corporate R & D, Ltd. fujifilm Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. fujita Fujita Corp. fujitsu Fujitsu Ltd. fujixerox Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. furukawa Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. furuno Furuno Electric Co., Ltd. future-tech Future Technology Laboratories, Inc. futuresystem Future System Service Co.,Ltd. gctech Graphics Communication Technologies R & D Dept. global Global Science Co., Ltd. gmd GMD-bureau, Tokyo goldcoast Gold Coast Productions Co., Ltd. goldman Goldman Sacks greencross The Green Cross Corp. haft HAFT Technology, Inc. hallab HAL Lab., Inc. hankyu Hankyu Dentetsu Corp. hexard Hexard Inc. hitachi Hitachi, Ltd. hitachi-cable Hitachi Cable, Ltd. hitachi-chem Hitachi Chemical Ind. Corp. hitachi-hipro Hitachi Process Computer Engr., Inc. hitachi-sk Hitachi Software Engr. Corp. hitachi-system Hitachi System Engineering, Ltd. hitachizosen Hitachi Zosen Corp. honda Honda Motor Co., Ltd. horiba Horiba Seisaku hos HOS Corp. howdy Howdy Int'l Co., Ltd. hst Hirata Software Technology Co., Ltd. hudson Hudson Co., Ltd. human-system Human Systems Inc. hyperware Hyperware Corp. ibix IBIX Co., Ltd. ibm IBM Japan, Ltd. icat ICAT Corp. icfd Inst. of Computational Fluid Dynamics icm ICM Co., Ltd. ihi Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Ind. Co., Ltd. image-f Computer Art Form Image Factory imagica Imagica Corp. imslab Information and Mathematical Science Lab., Inc. inmet Nihon Intermetrics Corp. int21 Int21 Co., Ltd. intec Intec Inc. intel-j Intel Japan Corp. intelligent-systems Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd. isac Int'l. Sekisu AI Corp. isid Information Services Int'l. - Dentsu, Ltd. iwanami Iwanami Shoten, Publishers jal-cs JAL Jouhou Kaihatsu jasco Jasco, Japan Spectroscopic Co., Ltd jba Japan Business Automation Co., Ltd. jcc Japan Computer Corp. jepro JEPRO Co., Ltd. jip Japan Information Processing Service Co., Ltd. jmas JMA Systems Corp. jorudan Jorudan Co., Ltd. jsd Joint System Development Corp. jusoft Nippon Unisoft Corp. just Just System jvc-victor Japan Victor Corp. k-compiler Knowledge Compiler, Inc. kajima Kajima Corp. kao Kao kawaju Kawasaki Heavy Ind. Corp. kawasaki-steel Kawasaki Steel Co. kcc-comp-consul Kinki Computer Consultant, Inc. kcs KCS Corp. kcs-soft KCS Soft Corp. kddlabs KDD Lab. kepco The Kansai Electric Power Co., Ltd. ker Kinryo Engr. kke Kozo Keikaku Engr. Inc. knowledge Knowledge Co., Ltd. knowledge-eng Knowledge Engineering, Ltd. kobelco Kobe Steel, Ltd. kobelcosys Kobelco Systems Corp. kokusai-kogyo Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. komatsu Komatsu Ltd. konami Konami, Ltd. kpress Kabushiki Shinbun, Inc. kthree Kanri Kogaku Kenkyusho, Ltd. kubota Kubota Ltd. kyocera Kyocera Corp. kyoto-sr Kyoto Software Research, Inc. kysa Kyoto Software Application Inc. lambda Lambda Systems Inc. lifeboat Lifeboat, Ltd. lsi-j LSI Japan Co., Ltd. m-kasei Mitsubishi Kasei macro Macro Engr. mandc M & C Shinagawa Office Co., Ltd. maspro Maspro Denko Corp. mazda Mazda Motor Corp. mbrain Max Brain mediadrive Media Drive Lab. mei Matsushita Electric Ind. Co., Ltd. meidensha Meidensha Corp. meitec Meitec Corp. meitetsu Nagoya Railroad Co., Ltd. melco Mitsubishi Electric Corp. mhi Mitsubishi Heavy Ind., Ltd. microcad Micro CAD Inc. mignon Mignon Systems, Inc. mipec Mitsui Petrochemical Ind., Ltd. misystems M.I. Systems mita Mita Ind. Co., Ltd. mitsui Mitsui & Co., Ltd. mitsui-knowledge Mitsui Knowledge Ind. Co., Ltd miwa Miwa Systems Consulting Co., Ltd. mocoil Mitsubishi Oil Co., Ltd. mogami-wire Mogami Wire & Cable Co. mot-j Nippon Motorola, Ltd. mri Mitsubishi Research Inst., Inc. msassoc Micro Software Associates Co., Ltd. msi Mathematical Systems, Inc. msr Mitsuizosen Systems Research murai-electric Murai Electric Works Co., Ltd. n-denso Nihon Denso Corp. nagoya-denki Nagoya Electric Works Co., Ltd. nakasha Nakasha Curieitebu Co., Ltd. nalgo Nippon Algorithm Company, Ltd. namco Namco Co.,Ltd. ncc-consul Japan Computer Consultants, Inc. ncd NCD Japan, Inc. nck Nishinippon Computer Co., Ltd. ndg Nihon Data General ndr NDR Co., Ltd. nec NEC Corp. nesco Nichimen Electronic Systems Co. netone NetOne Systems Co., Ltd. next Next Foundation Co., Ltd. nichigai Nichigai Associates, Inc. nichimen-nds Nichimen Data Syatems Corp. nihonmusen Nihon Musen Corp. nikon Nikon Corp. nintendo Nintendo Co., Ltd. nippon-computer-system Nippon Computer Systems Co., Ltd. nippon-control-system Japan Control Systems, Inc. nippon-mining Nippon Mining Co., Ltd. nishitsuu System Nishitsu nissan Nissan Jidousha nissho-ele Nissho Electronics Corp. nissin NISSIN Electric Co., Ltd. nk-exa NK-EXA Co., Ltd. nkk NKK Corp. nmcc Nihon Micom Hanbai nova Nova Corp. nri Nomura Research Inst., Ltd. ns-ace Nakano Software Ace nsc Nippon Steel Corp. nss Nisshin Systems nssys Nihon Sogo System ntec NTT Gijutsu Iten nts Nippon Timeshare Co., Ltd. ntt-itn NTT Internet Co., Ltd. ntts NTT Software oki Oki Electric Ind. Co., Ltd. okit Okit Corp. omnis Omnis, Inc. omron Omron Corp. omronsoft Omron Software Co., Ltd. osakagas Osaka Gas Co. oshikiri Oshikiri Machinery, Ltd. paltec Paltec Corp. pentel Pentel Co., Ltd. peri Protein Engr. Research Inst. personal-media Personal Media Corp. pioneer Pioneer Electronic Corp. profile Profile Co. Ltd. prompt Prompt Corp. publinix Publinix Corp. radix Radix Co., Ltd. recruit Inst. for Supercomputing Research, Recruit reed Reed Corp. research Research, Inc. ricoh Ricoh Co., Ltd. rics Research Inst. for Computer Science, Inc. rikei Rikei Corp. rokugo Rokugo System Electronic Industry Corp. roland Roland Corp. sanei Sanei Co. sanwa-ss Sanwa Seisakusho sanyo Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. sc-htc SC Hitech Center scr SCR Corp. screen Dainippon Screen Seizou seaside Seaside Software Inc. secom Secom Intelligent Systems Lab. seiwa Seiwa Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd. sekisui Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. sept Sept, Inc. sgi Nihon Silicon Graphics, Inc. sharp Sharp Corp. shimz Shimizu Corp. shinko-elec Sinko Electric Corp. shionogi Shionogi & Co., Ltd. sibasoku Shibasoku Corp. sigma Sigma Systems Corp. softbank Softbank Corp. soliton Soliton Systems Corp. sony Sony Corp. sonytek Sony Tektro sord Sord Computer Corp. soum Soum Corp. spec System Planning and Engr. Corp. squid-tech Superconducting Sensor Lab. sra Software Research Associates, Inc. ssk Nippon System Services Co., Ltd. sstech SS Technology Co., Ltd. stanley Stanley Electric Co., Ltd. stepone Stepone Corp. strategic Strategic Research Inst. studio-zoo Zoo corp. studiogen StudioGEN, Inc. sumiden Sumitomo Electric Ind., Ltd. sumiden-ws Sumitomo Electric Workstation Corp. sumikin Sumitomo Metal Ind., Ltd. japan.sun.com Sun Microsystems Inc., Japan sunjapan SunJapan Co., Ltd. suri Surigiken Corp. swire Swire Transtech, Ltd. symbolics Nihon Symbolics Corp. sysplan Sysplan, Inc. system-keikaku Research Inst. of Systems Planning system-plus System Plus Co., Ltd. system-proud System Proud Co., Ltd. systemsoft Systemsoft Corp. taisei Taisei Corp. takaoka-electric Takaoka Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd. tbs Tokyo Broadcasting Systems, Inc. tds Tokyo Denshi Sekkei Co., Ltd. technonet Technonet, Inc. teijin Teijin telema Telematique Int'l. Research Lab. tepco Tokyo Electric Power Corp. teradata-j Teradata Japan Ltd. tis Toyo Information Systems Co., Ltd. tmr Technical Marketing Research, Inc. tms Toppan Moore Systems, Ltd. togra Tokyo Graphic Arts tokimec Tokimec, Inc. tokyo-gas Tokyo Gas, Ltd. tokyo-shoseki-ptg Tokyo Shoseki Printing Co., Ltd. tokyoelectron Tokyo Electron Co. toppan Toppan Printing Co. Ltd. toshiba Toshiba Corp. total Total Systems Inst. Co., Ltd. totsu Totsu Sangyou Corp. toyo-eng Toyo Engr. Corp. toyo-stl Toyo Stainless Corp. toyodenki Toyo Denki Seizo Corp. toyohashi-techno Toyohashi Techno-Science Co., Ltd. toyota Toyota Motor Corp. toyota-body Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. tradtech Trad Technologies Corp. tsi Toden Software, Inc. twics TWICS tytlabs Toyota Central R & D Lab., Inc. uclosk Universal Computer Lab. Corp. ulvac Ulvac Corporate Center unipress Unipress Software Japan, Inc. unisol Unisolu Co., Ltd. unisys Nihon Unisys, Ltd. uniuni Unisys, Union Systems Co., Ltd. usc USC Corp. valid Nihon Valid Logic Systems Co., Ltd. wacom Wacom Co. Ltd. widget Widget Inc. windriver Wind River Systems Corp. word-house Word House worldpoint Worldpoint xopen X/Open Co., Ltd. yamaha Yamaha Corp. yaskawa Yaskawa Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd. yhp Yokogawa Hewlett Packard Computer Operation yinu Yinu Systems, Inc. ykk Yoshida Kogyo Corp. yokogawa Yokogawa Electric Corp. yujin Yujin Inc. zuken Zuken Corp. APPENDIX 3: JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS fj.ai Artificial intelligence discussions fj.announce General announcements of interest to all (Moderated) fj.binaries.mac Encoded Macintosh programs in binary fj.binaries.misc Encoded programs in binary not covered elsewhere fj.binaries.msdos Encoded MS-DOS programs in binary (Moderated) fj.binaries.msdos.d Topics on softwares posted to fj.binary.msdos fj.books Books of all genres, shapes, and sizes fj.comp.arch Computer architecture fj.comp.comm Discussion about software & hardware for communications fj.comp.image Computer graphics, art, animation, image processing fj.comp.misc General topics about computers not covered elsewhere fj.comp.music Topics about computers and music fj.comp.oops Object Oriented Programming, System, etc fj.comp.parallel Discussion about parallel computing fj.comp.printers Printers, hardware & software fj.comp.texhax Discussion about TeXhax and delivery of mailing list fj.comp.text Text processing issues and methods fj.editor.emacs EMACS editors of different flavors fj.editor.misc Talk about editors fj.editor.sse Discussion about SSE (Simple Screen Editor) fj.followup Followups to articles in fj.general fj.forsale Short, tasteful postings about items for sale fj.general *Important* and timely announcements of interest to all fj.guide.admin Junet guide for administrators (Moderated) fj.guide.general Junet guide. Rules, Convention, etc (Moderated) fj.guide.newusers Explanatory postings for new users (Moderated) fj.info-terms All sorts of terminals fj.jokes Joke and humor fj.junet General discussion about JUNET itself fj.jus Information about JUS fj.kanakan.misc Discussion about kana-kanji henkan fj.kanakan.wnn Discussion about Wnn kana-kanji henkan system fj.kanji Discussion about Kanji fj.kermit Discussion about kermit package fj.lan Local area network hardware and software fj.lang.ada Discussion about Ada* fj.lang.c Discussion about C fj.lang.forth Discussion about Forth fj.lang.lisp Discussion about LISP fj.lang.misc Different computer languages not specifically listed fj.lang.mod2 Discussion about Modula-2 fj.lang.postscript PostScript language and related topics fj.lang.prolog Discussion about PROLOG fj.lang.st80 Discussion about Smalltalk 80 fj.lectures Informative talks given to the news readers fj.living Discussions about various things in daily life fj.mail Proposed new mail/network standards fj.mail-lists.apollo Apollo workstation mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.common-lisp Common lisp mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.connectionist Connectionist mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.info-japan Info-japan mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.nihongo Nihongo mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.occam Occam mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.parallel comp.parallel mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.reduce Reduce mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.types Types mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.x-window X window mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.meetings announce for conference, workshop, etc (Not-moderated) fj.misc Various discussions that there are no groups to match fj.net-people Announcements, requests, etc. about people on the net fj.news.adm Comments directed to news administrators fj.news.b Discussion about B news software fj.news.config Postings of system down times and configuration change fj.news.group Discussions and lists of newsgroups fj.news.lists News-related statistics and lists fj.news.map Various maps, including UUCP maps fj.news.misc Discussions of network news on JUNET itself fj.news.newsite Postings of new site announcements fj.news.sa Comments directed to system administrators fj.os.minix Discussion about the MINIX operating system fj.os.misc Discussion about operating systems not covered elsewhere fj.os.msdos Discussion about the MSDOS operating system fj.os.os9 Discussion about the OS9 operating system fj.papers Papers of all genres fj.ptt Information about PTT fj.questions.junet Questions especially about JUNET fj.questions.misc Questions about miscellaneous subjects fj.questions.unix Questions especially about UNIX fj.rec.aerospace About aviation, airplanes, airsports, etc. fj.rec.animation Discussion about animated movies fj.rec.autos Automobiles, automotive products and laws fj.rec.av High fidelity audio and video components fj.rec.baseball Discussion about baseball fj.rec.bikes Motorcycles and Bicycles, related products and laws fj.rec.comics The funnies, old and new fj.rec.food Food, wine, spirits, cooking, cookbooks, and recipes fj.rec.games Discussion about games and computer games fj.rec.games.scores Personal best scores of games and computer games fj.rec.ham topics about ham radio fj.rec.idol General topics about idol fj.rec.marine Marine recreation. Diving, swimming, yachting, etc. fj.rec.misc Recreational/participant topics not covered elsewhere fj.rec.movies Reviews and discussions of movies fj.rec.music Discussion about music fj.rec.music.classical Talk around classical music fj.rec.music.progressive Talk around progressive rock fj.rec.mystery Talk about mystery fj.rec.photo Topics about cameras and photographs fj.rec.rail Discussion about railway & railroad fj.rec.sf Discussion about science fiction fj.rec.sports Topics about sports fj.rec.sports.football Talk around footballs fj.rec.sports.keiba About horseracing fj.rec.sports.prowrestling About prowrestling fj.rec.sports.ski About skiing fj.rec.travel Traveling all over the world fj.rec.tv Talk about television and its shows fj.sci.astro Discussion about stars, planets and comets fj.sci.lang Natural languages, communication, etc fj.sci.math Mathematical discussions and pursuits fj.sci.misc Discussions about sciences not covered elsewhere fj.soc.culture Group about (japanese?) culture fj.soc.law Topics on Law and rights fj.soc.men-women Fairness, Rights, etc. Between women and men fj.soc.misc Socially-oriented topics not covered elsewhere fj.soc.tech Topics on society and technology fj.sources For the posting of software packages & documentation fj.sources.d For any discussion of source postings fj.sources.mac Software for the Apple Macintosh fj.std Discussion about various standards fj.sys.famicom Discussion about Nintendo's Family Computer fj.sys.j3100 Discussion about TOSHIBA's J3100-family computers fj.sys.mac Discussion about the Apple Macintosh & Lisa fj.sys.misc Discussion about computers of all other kinds fj.sys.news Discussion about SONY NEWS workstation fj.sys.next NeXT workstation and related topics fj.sys.pc98 Discussion about NEC's PC-9800 & other computers fj.sys.sun Discussion about SUN workstation fj.sys.x68000 Discussion about Sharp's X-68000 & other computers fj.test Testing all over JUNET. Very boring fj.unix UNIX neophytes group fj.unix.wizards Discussions, bug reports, and fixes on and for UNIX fj.wanted Requests for things that are needed fj.windows.gmw GMW window systems fj.windows.misc Miscellaneous window systems fj.windows.x About X window systems APPENDIX 4: FREEWARE/SHAREWARE SOURCES SOFTWARE/FILE NAME PLATFORM SOURCE ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ JAPAN.INF 1.2 any FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) FTP: msi.umn.edu (128.101.24.1) EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com JemTeX v2.0 any FTP: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) jgrep.c 1.0b1 any FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com jis.c 2.2 any FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com jouyou-kanji.txt any FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com kbanner2 any FTP: ginkaku.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp (130.54.8.71) EMAIL: ftp@ginkaku.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp print-jis.c 1.1 any FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com repair-jis.c 1.0 any FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com values.c 1.4 any FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com jenscript UNIX FTP: a.nl.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.250.143) JSTEVIE 1.2 UNIX FTP: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) FTP: mindseye.berkeley.edu (128.32.232.19) kanjips UNIX FTP: a.nl.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.250.143) kterm UNIX FTP: crl.nmsu.edu (128.123.1.14) FTP: expo.lcs.mit.edu (18.30.0.212) FTP: kum.kaist.ac.kr (137.68.1.65) FTP: kythera.nmsu.edu (128.123.1.14) mp UNIX FTP: a.nl.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.250.143) NEmacs/TAMAGO UNIX FTP: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) FTP: clover.ucdavis.edu (128.120.57.1) FTP: june.cs.washington.edu (128.95.1.4) FTP: sauna.hut.fi (130.233.192.1) FTP: russell.stanford.edu (36.9.0.9) FTP: mtfuji.gw.u-tokyo.ac.jp (128.167.64.2) FTP: ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp (131.112.16.39) nepoch UNIX FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) NKF UNIX FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) Wnn 4.0.3 UNIX FTP: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) EDICTJ MS-DOS FTP: monu6.cc.monash.edu.au (130.194.1.106) hterm 2.6.0.0 MS-DOS FTP: azabu.tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp (130.69.16.7) hterm 2.6.0.-2 MS-DOS FTP: msdos.archive.umich.edu (141.211.164.153) JDIC MS-DOS FTP: monu6.cc.monash.edu.au (130.194.1.106) JREADER MS-DOS FTP: monu6.cc.monash.edu.au (130.194.1.106) KD MS-DOS FTP: mindseye.berkeley.edu (128.32.232.19) MOKE 1.1 MS-DOS FTP: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) NBCC.ZIP MS-DOS OTHER: CompuServe's FLEFO section NJStar 2.0 MS-DOS FTP: jmonu6.cc.monash.edu.au (130.194.1.106) ASLEdit+ 1.0/a30 Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) ASLFont+ Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6)* FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9)* ASL KConvert 1.0/a3 Macintosh FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) ASLTelnet 2.3/b2 Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) FTP: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) GomTalk7 v1.2.1 Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) Inline++EGB 1.0 Macintosh FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) Inline++VJE 1.0.1 Macintosh FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) JapanPaper 1.0 Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) jBASHING 1.41 Macintosh FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) JGREP v1.0b1 Macintosh FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) JIS v2.2 Macintosh FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) Kenkyusha Stack Macintosh EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com Kojien Stack Macintosh EMAIL: lunde@adobe.com Koshigaya Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6)* FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9)* KTCustomizer Macintosh FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) Kuten Code Table Macintosh FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) K2! Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6)* FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9)* MacKc 0.93 Macintosh FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) miniWRITER 1.71 Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) NCSATelnet-J Macintosh FTP: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) NinjaTerm 0.962 Macintosh FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) Nisus 3.06 demo Macintosh FTP: weber.ucsd.edu (128.54.16.129) PRINT-JIS v1.1 Macintosh FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) REPAIR-JIS v1.0 Macintosh FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) Shizuoka Font Set Macintosh FTP: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) SysFontINIT Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6)* FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9)* Tokyo Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6)* FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9)* VALUES v1.4 Macintosh FTP: scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) VJE InLINE 2.3C Macintosh FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) YooEdit 0.95 Macintosh FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9) Yoshinogari Macintosh FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6)* FTP: ftp.tohoku.ac.jp (130.34.8.9)* * = this program/file is part of a file called japan-fonts.hqx APPENDIX 5: COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE SOURCES SOFTWARE/FILE NAME PLATFORM SOURCE ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ EW+ MS-DOS ? IBM DOS J5.0/V MS-DOS K Electronics/Sprint-Hill Corp./I/O Software MOKE 2.1 MS-DOS KiCompWare Smart Characters MS-DOS APROPOS Incorporated Yukara MS-DOS Kureo R & D 2ByWord Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. ATM-J 2.0.4 Macintosh SystemSoft America BlueHawk Macintosh In Japan ByWord Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. EGBook Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company EGBridge 5.1r2 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. or w/EGWord or Solo Writer EGTalk 2.0 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company EGWord Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company FutoGoB101-Bold Macintosh SystemSoft America FutoMinA101-Bold Macintosh SystemSoft America Jun101-Light Macintosh SystemSoft America KanjiSama Macintosh Sanbi Software KanjiTalk 6.0.7 Macintosh Apple/Twilight Clone/d e v e l o p CD-ROM Katana 4.0 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. or w/WaltzWord MacVJE 2.5 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. or w/MacWord or MacWriteII-J MacWord Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. MacWriteII-J Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. MidashiGo-MB31 Macintosh SystemSoft America MidashiMin-MA31 Macintosh SystemSoft America ModeNihongo Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. Nisus 3.06 Macintosh Paragon Concepts/Any Mail Order House PageMaker 3.5J Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company QuarkXPress 2.0J Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. rSTONE 2.1 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company rSTONE.JE 1.0 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company rSTONE.KC 1.0 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company SoloWriter 1.22 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company SweetJAM 7.0 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc./Qualitas Trading Company TurboJIP 1.2 Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. or w/TurboWriter TurboWriter Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. WaltzWord Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. Wnn Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc. or w/2ByWord zeroByWord Macintosh MacSTATION, Inc.